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Title for subject entry. Author title. Series title,

LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.

Powell (John Wesley).

[United States. Department of the interior. ( U. S. geological survey.)]

[United States. Department of the interior. (JJ. S. geological survey.)]

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TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY

TO THE

OF THE INTERIOR

15 Y

J. W. POWELL

DIRECTOR

Part I — GEOLOGY

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1891 W

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

DIRECTOR

OF THE

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Part I.-GEOLOGY.

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CONTENTS.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR,

Page.

Letter of transmittal . 1

Progress of topographic work . 3

Atlas sheets . 5

Organization . 5

Surveys east of the one hundredth meridian . 5

Surveys west of the one hundredth meridian . 6

Engraving . 7

Progress of geologic work . 8

Progress of paleontologic work . 9

Progress in accessory work . 13

Chemistry and physics . 13

Statistics of mineral products . 1

Illustrations . 16

Engraving and printing . 16

Publications . 17

Library . 17

Disbursements . ■ 18

Acknowledgments . 19

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS.

Report of Mr. Henry Gannett . 23

Mr. A. H. Thompson . 42

Mr. G. K. Gilbert . 52

Prof. N. S. Shaler . 66

Mr. Raphael Pumpelly . 67

Mr. W. J. McGee . 70

Mr. Bailey Willis . 78

Mr. George H. Eldridge . 82

Prof. C. R. Van Hise . 84

Dr. T. C. Chamberlin . 88

Mr. W. P. Jenney . 1 . 90

Mr. A. C. Peale . 91

Mr. Arnold Hague . 92

Mr. S. F. Emmons . 96

Mr. J. S. Diller . 100

Mr. G. F. Becker . 101

Mr. C. D. Walcott . 106

Prof. Alpheus Hyatt . Ill

Mr. C. A. White . 112

Mr. W. H. Dali . 115

Prof. O. C. Marsh . 118

v

VI

CONTENTS.

Page.

Report of Mr. Lester F. Ward . 120

Prof. Samuel H. Scudder . 125

Mr. P. W. Clarke . 127

Mr. David T. Day . 129

Mr. F. H. Newell . • . 134

Mr. De Lancey W. Gill . 136

Mr. S. J. Iviibel . 138

Mr. W. A. Croffut . 141

Mr. Charles C. Darwin . 142

Mr. W. F. Morsell . 145

Mr. Jno. D. McChesney . 146

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF SOILS. BY NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE SHALER.

Prefatory note . 219

Nature and origin of soils . 221

Processes of soil formation . 230

Cliff talus soils . 232

Glaciated soils . ; . 236

Volcanic soils . 239

Soils of newly elevated ocean bottoms . 245

Physiology of soils . 250

Effect of animals and plants on soils . 268

Effect of certain geologic conditions of soils . 287

Glacial aggregation . 288

Alluvial aggregation . 288

Overplacement . 296

Inheritance . 300

Certain peculiar soil conditions . 306

Swamp soils . 311

Marine marshes . 317

Tule lands . 320

Ancient soils . 321

Prairie soils . 323

Wind-blown soils . 326

Action and reaction of man and the soil . 329

Effects of soil on health . 340

Man’s duty to the earth . 344

THE LAFAYETTE FORMATION, BY W J MrGEE.

Chapter I. The area occupied by the formation . 353

The physiographic provinces . 353

The configuration of the coastal plain . . . 360

The general geology of the coastal plain . 380

The method of classification . 380

The Columbia formation . 384

The Grand Gulf formation . 408

The Chesapeake formation . 410

The Vicksburg- Jackson limestone . 412

The Claiborne-Meridian . 413

The Lignitic deposits . 415

The Pamunkey formation . 418

CONTENTS.

VII

Page.

Chapter I. The area occupied by the formation — Continued.

The general geology, etc. — Continued.

The tipper Cretaceous . 419

The Severn formation . 121

The Potomac and Tuscaloosa formations . 421

R6sum6 . 424

Chapter II. The features of the formation . 430

The features in detail . 130

The general features . 439

Chapter III. Definition and synonymy of the formation . 497

Definition . 497

Synonymy . 498

Chapter IV. Material resources of the formation . 503

State of the survey . . 503

Soils . 503

Siliceous clays . 505

Gravel . 506

Iron . 506

Chapter V. The history recorded in the formation . 507

The antecedent physiography . 507

The Lafayette deposition . 508

The Lafayette degradation . 511

The burial of the Lafayette . 514

The relations of the continent movements . 515

TIIK NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT DURING CAMBRIAN TIME, BY CHARLES DOOLITTLE

WALCOTT.

Introductory observations . 529

Deposition of sediments . 532

Character and extent of the sediments . 535

Pre-Cambrian land . 540

Atlantic coast province . 541

Appalachian province . 542

Rocky Mountain province . 543

Interior continental province . 543

Resume . 543

Geographic distribution . 545

Surface of the pre-Cambrian land . 546

Atlantic coast province . 546

Appalachian province . 548

Rocky Mountain province . 551

Interior continental province . 554

Continental features . 557

Dana . 557

Chamberlin . 561

Walcott . 562

Middle Cambrian land . 563

Post-Cambrian land . 565

Conclusions . 567

THE ERUPTIVE ROCKS OF ELECTRIC PEAK AND SEPULCHRE MOUNTAIN, YELLOW¬

STONE NATIONAL PARK, BY JOSEPH PAXSON IDDINGS.

Introduction . 577

Geological sketch of the region . 578

VIII

CONTENTS.

Page.

Electric Peak . 579

Geological description . 579

Geological map . 581

The eruptive rocks of Electric Peak . . . . 582

Use of the terms porphyrite and porphyry . 582

Sheet rocks . 584

Dike and stock rocks . 586

The dike rocks and certain contact facies of the stock . 588

The stock rocks and apophyses . 595

Intergrowth of hornblende and pyroxene in glassy rocks . 610

Quartz-mica-diorite-porphyrite . 617

General consideration of the mineral and chemical composition of the

intrusive rocks . . . 619

Sepulchre Mountain . 633

Geological description . 633

The volcanic rocks of Sepulchre Mountain . 634

The lower breccia . 634

The upper breccia . 635

The dike rocks . 640

General consideration of the mineral and chemical composition of the

eruptive rocks . 647

Comparison of the rocks from the two localities . . . 650

Correlation of the rocks on a chemical basis . 653

Etfect of mineralizing agents . 658

Application to the classification of igneous rocks . 660

Appendix . 664

Index to volume . 665

ILLUSTRATIONS.

I’age.

Pl. I. Map of the United States showing the progess of the topo¬ graphic survey during 1890-’91 . In pocket.

II. View on the eastern shore of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, showing

shore line stripped of soil materials by wave action . 226

III. Glaciated rock surface fromw7hich the thin soil has been swept

away, eastern Massachusetts . 228

IV. Effect of glacial action on a surface which has not yet been

re-covered by soil . 230

V. Precipices with talus of rock fragments passing downward into

rude alluvial terraces . 232

VI. View showing varied rate of decay of talus formation in Tri-

assic sandstone schist near Fort Wingate, New Mexico . 234

VII. Process of decay of soft rocks which are easily worn by flowing

water . 236

VIII. Earthquake fissure in Arizona, showing the manner in which

these shocks may rupture the surface . 238

IX. Process of decay in talus formation in much-jointed granitic

rock, Mount Lyell, Sierra Nevada. California . 240

X. View showing the process of rock decay where the material

contains solid portions which are not readily corroded . 242

XI. View of a mountain valley showing coalesced talus slopes

through which the river finds its way below the surface .... 244

XII. Talus deposits in a mountain gorge where the stream has

slight cutting power, Lake Canyon, California . 246

XIII. Process of erosion of rather soft rock, the talus from which is

invading forest . 248

XIV. Cliffs of soft rock without distinct talus . 250

XV. Morainal front in eastern Massachusetts, showing the way in

which vegetation occupies a bowlder strewn surface . 252

XVI. Drumlins or lenticular hills in eastern Massachusetts, showing

the arched outlines of these deposits . 254

XVII. Aspect of a surface on which lie extinct volcanoes; also show¬ ing details of talus structure . 256

XVIII. View showing rapid decay of lava . 258

XIX. Process of decay of obsidian or glassy laAras near Mono Lake,

California . 260

XX. Margin of a lava stream overflowing soil occupied by vegeta¬ tion . 262

XXL Summit of Mount Vesuvius, showing cone of coarse volcanic

ash lying upon lava which occupies the foreground . 264

XXII. View near caves of Luray, Virginia, showing the character of

surface in a country underlaid by caverns . 266

IX

X

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Pl. XXIII. Broad alluvial valley in a mountainous district, the area partly

improved by irrigation ditches . 290

XXIV. View of a mountain valley, showing the beginnings of the river

alluvial plains . 292

XXV. Beginnings of alluvial terraces in the upper part of the Cumber¬ land River Valley, Kentucky . 294

XXVI. Ox-bow swing of a river in an alluvial plain : the Ganges, India. 296 XXVII. View in the Dismal Swamp of Virginia, showing character of

vegetation in that distri ct . 312

XXVIII. Reclaimed lields iu the central portion of the Dismal Swamp,

Virginia . 314

XXIX. Vegetation in the fresh-water swamps of central Florida . 316

XXX. Form of surface in an elevated region south of the glaciated belt. 330

XXXI. View showing the gradual passage from rock to soil . 332

XXXII. Physiography of the coastal plain of southeastern United

States . In pocket.

XXXIII. Columbia and Potomac formations on Ensor street, between

Preston and Biddle, Baltimore . 386

XXXIV. Relations of Lafayette and Tuscaloosa formations; Cotton-

dale, Alabama . 474

XXXV. Tvpical exposure of the Lafayette, near the Chattahoochee

River . 480

XXXVI. Relations of Columbia, Lafayette and Potomac formations;

Columbia, South Carolina . 484

XXXVII. Typical exposure of the Lafayette formation in the District

of Columbia . 488

XXXVIII. Areal distribution of Columbia and Lafayette forma¬ tions . In pocket.

XXXIX. Physiography of the coastal plain during the Lafayette

period . In pocket.

XL. Physiography of the coastal plain during post-Lafayette and

pre-Columbia period . In pocket.

XLI. Physiography of the coastal plain during the Columbia

period . In pocket.

XL1I. Map to illustrate the relative amount of sedimentation within the typical geological provinces of North America during

Cambrian time . 532

XLIII. Hypothetical map of the North American Continent at the be¬ ginning of Cambrian time . 546

XLIV. 1 . Vertical section across northern central Wisconsin during the deposition of the Upper Cambrian (Potsdam) sandstone.

(After Chamberlin, Geology of Wisconsin, vol. 1, 1883, PI. 5, section) . 556

2. Section displayed to view on the east side of the gorge at the

upper narrows of the Baraboo River, showing the uncon¬ formity between the Potsdam sandstone and the subjacent Huronian quartzite. (After Irving, Seventh Ami. Rep. U. S. Geological Survey, p. 407, Fig. 80.) . 556

3. Section on Black River in the vicinity of Black River Falls,

Wisconsin, showing the Potsdam sandstone resting on an eroded surface composed of granite and steeply inclined layers of gneiss and ferruginous schists. Scale 2 miles to the inch. (After Irving, Seventh Ann. Rep. U. S. Geolog¬ ical Survey, p. 403, Fig. 75.) . 556

ILLUSTRATIONS.

XI

Page.

Pi.. XLIV. 4. Section from southeast to northwest in the St. Croix River region of northwestern Wisconsin, through the Keweenaw series and Potsdam sandstone. (After Irving, Seventh

Ann. Rep. U. S. Geological Survey, p. 413, Fig. 88) . 556

XLV. Hypothetical map of the North American Continent at the be¬ ginning of Lower Silurian (Ordovician) time . 566

XLVI. Electric Peak from Sepulchre Mountain . 580

XL VI I. Head of East Gulch of Electric Peak . . 582

XLVIII. Fig. 1. Diorito (coarse grain) . 596

Fig. 2. Diorite (medium grain) . 596

XLIX. Fig. 1. Granite (fine grain) . 598

Fig. 2. Quartz-mica-diorite-porphyrite . 598

L. Intergrowths of minerals in the diorite . 606

LI. Intergrowths of minerals in glassy rocks and quartz pheno-

crysts . 612

LII. Sepulchre Mountain from its northwest spur . 634

LI1I. Geological map of the region . 664

Fig. 1. Diagram showing the history of a talus . 233

2. Sections showing the two common varieties of glacial detritus . 238

3. Successive states of a district where volcanoes are for a time active.. 241

4. Map showing comparative development of stream beds in a district

when it is forested and when the wood is removed . 254

5. Diagram showing action of soil water in excavating caverns . 257

6. Diagram showing one of the conditions by which soil water may

penetrate deeply and emerge as a hot spring . 258

7. Effect of roots of trees on the formation of soil . 270

8. First effect of overturned trees on soil . 273

9. Final effect of overturned trees on soil . 274

10. Diagram showing process by which a stone may be buried by the

action of earthworms and other animals . 275

11. Effect of ant-hills on soils . 279

12. Section through the coarse alluvium formed beside a torrent bed _ 290

13. Section across a river valley showing terraces of alluvium . 291

14. Section across alluvial plain on one side of a large river . 292

15. Diagram showing the effect of a layer of rock yielding fertilizing ele¬

ments to the soil . 296

16. Diagram showing the direction and rate of motion of soil . 297

17. Diagram showing progress of fragments down a slope to a stream _ 298

18. Diagram showing relative state of soils in lower part of mountain

valley and in the “ cove” at its head . 299

19. Diagram showing successive variations in fertility in the soils of

central Kentucky during the downward movement of the rocks _ 302

20. Diagram showing the lateral migration of streams in their descent

through inclined rocks . 303

21. Section across ordinary lake in glacial drift . 314

22. Diagrammatic section through lake basin showing formation of infu¬

sorial earth . 316

23. Section from seashore to interior of district recently elevated above

the sea level . 317

24. Section showing the origin and structure of marine marshes . 318

25. Section through coal bed . 322

26. Section showing process of formation and closing of gullies on hill¬

sides . 332

27. Diagrams showing one of the ordinary conditions of a dangerous

water supply ...... . 343

XII

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Fig. 28. “Second bottom” phase of the Columbia formation, near Columbus,

Georgia . 390

29. Brown loam with silt layer at base ; Arsenal Cut, Baton Rouge, Lou¬

isiana . 395

30. Relation of brown loam to silty beds and Port Hudson clays; Port

Hickey, Louisiana . 396

31. Brown loam with silt bed and gravel beds near base; Bayou Sara,

Louisiana . 397

32. Loess resting on stratified sand, near Natchez, Mississippi . 398

33. Landslip contact between loess and stratified sand ; 1 mile south of

Natchez, Mississippi . . . 399

34. General section through inner portion of the coastal plain in the mid¬

dle Atlantic slope . . 426

35. General section through coastal plain in southern Atlantic slope . 427

36. General section through the coastal plain in eastern Gulf slope (Chat¬

tahoochee River) . 427

37. General section through the coastal plain in eastern Gulf slope (west¬

ern Alabama) . . 427

38. General section through the coastal plain in the Mississippi embay-

ment . 427

39. Later continental oscillations of middle Atlantic slope . 428

40. Continental oscillations of middle and southern Atlantic slopes . 428

41. Neozoic continental oscillations of eastern Gulf slope (Chattahoochee

River) . 429

42. Neozoic continental oscillations of eastern Gulf slope (western Ala¬

bama) . 429

43 Neozoic continental oscillation of Mississippi embayment . 429

44. Denudation of the Lafayette sands by modern erosion; near Laurel

Hill, Louisiana . 434

45. Typical “gulf” exposing the Columbia and Lafayette formations;

near Fort Adams, Mississippi . 435

46. Typical contact between Columbia and Lafayette formations; near

Fort Adams, Mississippi . 436

47. Typical “gut;” 3 miles east of Fort Adams, Mississippi . 437

48. Relations of Columbia, Lafayette, and Grand Gulf formations; near

Fort Adams, Mississippi . 438

49. Columbia and Lafayette formations as exposed in a typical “gulf;”

near Port Gibson, Mississippi . 442

50. Erosion forms of the Lafayette formation; 5 miles north of Port Gib¬

son, Mississippi . 443

51. Lafayette erosion forms; 5 miles south of Rocky Springs, Mississippi. 444

52. Lafayette erosion forms ; Rocky Springs, Mississippi . 445

53. Lafayette erosion forms ; Rocky Springs, Mississippi . 446

54. Relations of Columbia and Lafayette formations; near Jackson, Mis

sissippi . 448

55. Relations between Columbia and Lafayette formations ; near Durant,

Mississippi . 450

56. Structure of the Lafayette formation ; near Water Valley, Mississippi . 455

57. Pseudo-unconformity in the Lafayette formation; near Oxford, Mis¬

sissippi . . 456

58. Structure of the Lafayette formation ; at Oxford, Mississippi . 457

59. Structure of the Lafayette formation; near Waterford, Mississippi.. 458

60. Structure of the Lafayette formation ; near Holly Springs, Mississippi. 459

61. Structure of the Lafayette formation; near Lagrange, Tennessee _ 460

62. Forest bed between Columbia and Lafayette formations ; Lagrange,

Tennessee . 461

ILLUSTRATIONS. XIII

Page.

Fig. 63. Structure of Lafayette formation ; Lagrange, Tennessee . 462

64. Structure of Lafayette formation ; 1 mile west of Lagrange, Tennessee. 463

65. Structure of Lafayette formation ; Lagrange, Tennessee . 464

66. Structure of Lafayette formation ; near Hickory Valley, Tennessee. . 465

67. Section developed by artesian boring at Memphis, Tennessee . 466

68. Structure of Lafayette formation ; near Mayfield, Kentucky . 468

69. Structure of the Lafayette formation ; near Mayfield, Kentucky . 469

70. Contact between Lafayette and Eocene deposits; 3 miles northwest

of Malvern, Arkansas . 471

71. Graphic epitome of Lafayette history . 520

72. Graphic epitome of later geologic history of the coastal plain . 520

73. a, b, c, d, e. Diagrammatic sections to illustrate the deposition of sedi¬

ments on a seashore that is being gradually depressed in relation to sea level, and a section of sediment so deposited when elevated as part of a mountain range . 530

74. Section from St. Johns, Newfoundland, to Great Bell Island, Con¬

ception Bay, by Portugal Cove . 547

75. Section on Manuels Brook, Conception Bay, Newfoundland . 548

76. Section from Rigaud, Canada, to Chateaugay Four Corners, Franklin

County, New York . 549

77. Section showing Paleozoic sediments and configuration of Archcan

bottom of ocean in Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada . 552

78. Grand Canyon section, Arizona . 553

79. Variation of silica percentages . 627

80. Diagram showing molecular variation of the rocks at Electric Peak . 629

81. Diagram showing molecular variation of rocks at Sepulchre Moun¬

tain . 649

ft

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Department of the Interior,

U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., July 2, 1891.

Sir: I have the honor herewith to transmit to you a report of the operations of the Geological Survey for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1891.

Permit me to express my sincere gratitude for the kind encouragement you have given me in the multifarious duties devolving upon me as a subordinate officer of the Department.

I am, with great respect, your obedient servant,

Hon. John W. Noble,

Secretary of the Interior.

12 GEOl. - 1

1

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

By J. W. Powell, Director.

PROGRESS OF TOPOGRAPHIC WORK.

During the year topographic work lias been carried on by the Survey in twenty-seven States and Territories, and an area of 44,100 square miles has been surveyed and mapped. Ot this area 16,843 square miles were mapped upon a scale of 1:62,500, with contour intervals of 5, 10, or 20 feet, and the remainder on a scale of 1:125,000, with contour intervals of 20, 50, or 100 feet. The distribution of the mapped area is shown graphically on Plate i, in the pocket at the end of this volume, and the details of the work are set forth in the accompanying administrative reports by Messrs. Gannett and Thompson.

The present condition of the topographic survey is exhib¬ ited in the accompanying table.

Table shoicing the present condition of topographic surveys and the areas surveyed in 1890- 91 , by States and Territories.

States.	Total. area.	Area sur¬ veyed to date.	Area sur¬ veyed in 1890-’91.	Scale.	Contour interval.
	Sq. miles.	Sq. miles.	Sq. miles.			Feet.
Alabama .	52. 250	14, 870		1 : 125000		50 and 10C
Ai i zona . . .	113,020 53, 850	41, 000		1 : 250000		200 and 250
Arkansas .	13,000	2, 500	1 : 125000		50
California .	158, 360	29,000	1,000	s 1 : 125000 l 1 : 250000		50, 100, 200
Colorado .	103, 925	32, 300	8, 700	( 1 : 62500 1 1 : 125000	)	25, 50, 100
Connecticut .	4, 990	4, 990	2, 250	1 : 62500		20
District of Columbia	70	70		1 : 62500		20

3

4

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

Table showing the present condition of topographic surveys and the areas surveyed in 1890- 91, etc. — Continued.

States.	Total area.	Area sur¬ veyed to date.	Area sur¬ veyed in 1890-’91.
	Sq. miles.	Sq. miles.	Sq. miles.
Florida .	58, 680	700	450
Georgia .	59, 475	14, 275	400
Idaho .		3, 800	1,900
Illinois .	56, 650	1, 725	1, 125
Iowa . ; .	56, 025	5, 375	900
Kansas .	82, 080	53, 200	9,000
Kentucky .	40, 400	11,800	2, 030
Louisiana .	48, 720	7,000	5,000
Maine .	33, 040	2, 457	1, 125
Maryland .	12, 210	5,' 930	2, 450
Massachusetts .	8, 315	8, 315 231
Michigan .	58, 915	168
Missouri .	69, 415	26, 000
Montana .	146, 080	10, 800	400
Nevada .	110, 700	16, 800	2,800
New Hampshire ....	9, 305	1,000
New Jersey .	7,815	7, 815
New Mexico .	122, 580	26, 850	2, 850
New York .	49, 170	1, 095	450
North Carolina .	52, 250	10, 400
Oregon .	96, 030	11,000
Pennsylvania .	42, 215	4,737	1,800
Rhode Island .	1,250	1,250
South Carolina .	30, 570	4, 350	2,050
Tennessee .	42, 050	15, 095	2, 480
Texas .	265, 780	40, 250	8,000
Utah .	84, 970 9, 565	6, 000
Vermont .	560
Virginia .	42. 450	31, 410	1,860
AVest Virginia .	24, 780	20, 500	2, 150
Wisconsin .	56, 040	3, 840	1, 575
Wyoming, includ¬ ing Yellowstone National Park ....	97, 890	4,000

Scale.

1 : 62500

1 : 125000

1 : 62500

1 : 125000

1 : 62500

) 1 : 62500 )

l 1 : 125000 £

1: 62500

( 1 : 62500 l

l 1 : 125000 J

i 1 : 125000 )

i 1 : 250000 S

s 1 : 125000 \ \ 1 : 250000 S

1 : 62500

5 1 : 125000 )

l 1 : 250000 \

1 : 62500

1 : 125000

1 : 250000

1 : 62500

1 : 125000

1 : 250000

1 : 62500

S 1 : 125000 l

\ 1 : 62500 )

1 : 125000

1 : 62500

1 : 125000

Contour

interval.

Feet.

10

50 and 100 50 and 100 5 and 10 20

20 and 50 100 5 20

20, 50, 100

20

20 and 50

100 and 200

100, 200, 250 20

10 and 20

100 and 200

20

100

200

20

50 and 100 100 50 250 20

20, 50, 100

100

20

100

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

5

ATLAS SHEETS.

The work of the last year completes 125 atlas sheets, of which 73 are on a scale of 1 : 62,500, and the remainder on a scale of 1 : 125,000. The whole number of atlas sheets com¬ pleted to the present date by survey and compilation is 613. Of this number, 259 are on the scale of 1 : 62,500, 293 on a scale of 1 : 125,000, and 61 on a scale of 1 : 250,000.

ORGANIZATION.

During most of the field season the organization of the to¬ pographic branch remained substantially the same as last year, the work done under the Geological Survey proper being in charge of Mr. Henry Gannett, while the topographic work executed under the Irrigation Survey, as a distinct organiza¬ tion, was in charge of Prof. A. H. Thompson. But a provision of the sundry civil act, passed in the latter days of August, required certain changes in organization. By that act a por¬ tion of the work of the Irrigation Survey was discontinued, and appropriation for topographic work' under the Geological Survey \was divided equally between the country lying east and that lying west of the one hundredth meridian. It seemed advisable to make the organization conform to this division of the appropriation, and accordingly the topographic branch of the Survey was organized in two divisions, whose fields of work were separated by the one hundredth meridian; the eastern division in charge of Mr. Henry Gannett and the western division in charge of Mr. A. H. Thompson. Certain transfers of persons and fields of work were made at the same time. These changes are fully set forth in the administrative reports of Messrs Gannett and Thompson.

SURVEYS EAST OF THE ONE HUNDEDTH MERIDIAN.

Work was prosecuted in Maine by two parties and 5 atlas sheets were completed.

The survey of Connecticut, commenced last year in coop¬ eration with the State authorities and in part at the expense of the State, was finished.

Two sheets were surveyed in the valley of the Hudson in New York and eight sheets in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania.

6

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

Ill the southern Appalachian region work was actively pros¬ ecuted by six topographic parties and one triangulation party. The areas surveyed are: In Maryland, on the west shore of Chesapeake Bay; in southern Virginia, on the Atlantic plain; in central West Virginia; in eastern Kentucky; in the Cum¬ berland plateau of Tennessee; and the drainage basin of the Savannah River in South Carolina and Georgia. In most of these regions the demand for maps is great, owing to the rapid development of mineral resources.

The work commenced in the iron region of the upper penin¬ sula of Michigan was completed, and a detailed map of this important iron-producing region was finished.

In southern Wisconsin 7 atlas sheets were finished.

The work in Illinois, along the course of the Illinois River, was prosecuted actively, and 7 atlas sheets were surveyed.

Work was prosecuted in Iowa until early in October, and 4 atlas sheets were completed.

In Kansas work was prosecuted by two topographic parties and one triangulation party, and 7 atlas sheets, comprising about 7,000 square miles, were surveyed.

Work was continued in the Ozark Hills of Arkansas, and 2 sheets and parts of a third sheet were finished.

In Texas work was actively prosecuted, finishing 6 sheets, or about 6,000 square miles.

During the winter the survey of the alluvial region of the lower Mississippi, commenced the season before, was contin¬ ued, and, partly from field-work and partly by compilation, 20 sheets were prepared.

During the winter also work was continued in the phos¬ phate region of Florida, and 1 sheet was completed, together with most of a second sheet.

Work was likewise prosecuted in the Dismal Swamp of Vir¬ ginia and the country adjacent thereto, and 2 sheets were completed.

SURVEYS WEST OF TIIE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN.

In California 2 atlas sheets were completed and 33 reservoir sites surveyed and reported upon.

In Colorado 9 atlas sheets were completed and 46 reservoir sites located, surveyed, and reported upon.

REPORT OP THE DIRECTOR.

7

In Idaho 2 atlas sheets were surveyed.

In Kansas work was completed on 2 atlas sheets.

In Montana 400 square miles lying1 in the Sun River drain¬ age basin were mapped and 28 reservoir sites were surveyed and reported upon.

In Nevada work on 4 atlas sheets was completed and 2 res¬ ervoir sites were surveyed and reported upon.

In New Mexico 3 atlas sheets were completed and 39 reser¬ voir sites were surveyed and reported upon.

In North Dakota 734 miles of level lines were run for topo¬ graphic purposes and for determining the height, above the Missouri River, of the divide between that stream and the James River. A general reconnaissance of the country was also made.

In Texas work was completed on 2 atlas sheets.

ENGRAVING.

The following tables show a summation of the number and distribution of engraved atlas sheets and a description of the individual sheets:

Table showing number , distribution , etc ., of the atlas sheets engraved to

June 30, 1891.

State.

Alabama. Arizona . Arkansas

! Wholly within State.

Partly

within

State.

Scale.

13

3 1 : 125000

13

10

2

1 : 250000 1 : 125000

California

( 1 : 125000 } 1 : 250000

Colorado . Connecticut . TJpIji wtiro.	13 7
District of Columbia.. . . Georgia .	9
Idaho .	2
Illinois .	2
Iowa . .	18
Kansas .	39

10

1

2

4

1

s 1 : 62500 ) 1 : 125000

1 : 62500

1 : 125000

1 : 62500

1 : 62500 1 : 125000

Contour interval.	Approxi¬ mate area.
Feet. 50 and 100	Sq. miles. 14, 200
200 and 250	58, 000
50	10,000
\| 50,100,200	30,000
\| 50 and 100	11, 450
20	2, 475
10	50
20	70
50 and 100	11,800
50 and 100	2,000
10	650
20	4,050
20 and 50	43,000

8 REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

Table showing number, distribution, etc., of the atlas sheets engraved to

June 30, 1891 — Continued.

State.	Wholly within State.	Partly within State.	Scale.	Contour interval. •	Approxi¬ mate area.
Ken tn elr y .	4	7	1 : 125000.	. Feet. 100	Sq. miles. 8, 000
Maine .	4	2	1 : 62500	20	1,000
Maryland .	1	7	( 1 : 125000 \ 1 : 62500 1 : 62500	\ 20, 50, 100	2, 000
Mfl .ssaclm setts .	29	22	S 20	8, 315
Missouri . __ .	25	9	< 1 : 125000 x 1 : 62500 1 : 250000	£ 20 and 50	26, 000
Mem f,fl, na	9		S 200	31, 500
Nevada . . . .	5	3	1 : 250000	200 and 250	24, 500
New Hampshire _r .		11	1 : 62500	20	1, 000
Now .Torsey . .	32	10	1 : 62500	10 and 20	7,815
Now Mexico _ _ . .	7	< 1 : 125000 X 1 : 250000 1 : 62500	\| 50,100,200 20	19, 000
Now Y nr 1? .	1	8	1,000
North Carolina .	3	13	1 : 125000	100	7, 000
Ore arm . .	1	1 : 250000	200	3, 500
Pen n syl van i a .	6	6	1 : 62500	20	2, 000
"Rhode Island . .	7	6	1 : 62500	20	1, 250
Smith Parol inn _ .	1	3	1 : 125000	100	1,500
T onnessee . .	6	14	1 : 125000	100	12, 000
Texas .	28	1 : 125000	50	28, 000
Utali .	17 2	1	1 : 250000	250	65, 000
Vormnnt . . .		1 : 62500	20	450
Virginia. . . . . .	12	25	( 1 : 62500 x 1 : 125000 1 : 125000	\| 20, 50, 100 100	23, 500
West Virginia .	7	14	14, 500
Wisconsin . .	4	1 : 62500	20	900
Wyoming . .	4		1 : 125000	100	3, 600

PROGRESS OF GEOLOGIC WORK.

Progress in geologic work has gone steadily forward along two general lines : First, the mapping of the areal distribution of formations; second, the study in field and office of various problems in rock structure and history. This progress is conditioned by two factors : First, the existence of topographic maps upon which to delineate the areal distribution; and second, the amount of money appropriated for the purpose.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

9

The area available for mapping areal distribution steadily grows with the progress of topographic mapping.

The money appropriated for geologic work this year was 15 per cent more than for the previous year. As a result, some of the existing sections were enlarged and new work was instituted

O o

in two directions. The mineral phosphates of Florida have re¬ cently assumed commercial importance, and as little is known of their origin, extent, or geologic occurrence, systematic study of them has been entered upon. It is hoped that this study may lead to inferences of value in the exploitation of other deposits of similar character. This new section of work has been placed in charge of Mr. George H. Eldridge. A New Jersey section of work has also been created during the year, and placed in charge of Prof. Raphael Pumpellv. This is a joint service in which the State and the General Government, by their respective surveys, unite to obtain the best results with¬ out duplication of work, and at a minimum cost.

General charge of all the geologic work of the Survey has continued under the direction of Mr. G. K. Gilbert, chief geologist, whose own work as well as that of the whole geologic branch of the Survey is fully set forth in the accompanying administrative reports. The Director has thus been relieved of the duty of preparing a detailed statement of the operations of this branch of the Survey, which has afforded him time to set forth more elaborately the operations of the Irrigation Sur¬ vey. The report on this latter subject will appear as a second part of this report,

PROGRESS OF PALEONTOLOGIC WORK.

The work of this branch of the Survey has been carried for¬ ward on the principles set forth in the tenth and eleventh annual reports of the Survey. Briefly stated they are : (1) The identification and correlation of geologic formations by the organic remains contained therein, for the purpose of aid¬ ing the geologists in delineating formations and making geo¬ logic maps. (2) The study, from a biologic point of view, of the faunas and floras contained in the rocks, for the pur-

10

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

pose of obtaining- a critical knowledge of the genera and species and of the evolution of life and its relations to envi¬ ronment during geologic time.

In the study of stratified rocks the interdependence of geol¬ ogy and paleontology is such that much of the paleontologist’s time is given to a study of strata in the field and to the litera¬ ture of geology in order more fully to establish the strati¬ graphic succession and geographic distribution of life in the various geologic formations. It is recognized that strati¬ graphic geology is the foundation of chronologic paleontology, and that no definite record of the progress of life can be obtained without a knowledge of the succession of faunas and floras in the strata. When this knowledge is once obtained the paleontologist can correlate the various isolated fossiliferous formations the geologists meet with, by reference to a general scheme of the succession of life that has previously been estab¬ lished. This general succession has been determined in its broader outlines, but special studies are still necessary to verify and increase our knowledge of it. The paleontologists also aid the geologists in the field by making special studies of the geologic sections, and determining the horizons of various formations.

To correlate more thoroughly the work of the various divi¬ sions of the paleontologic branch, Mr. Charles D. Walcott was instructed to examine and obtain data for a report upon the collections of the Geological Survey in charge of paleontol¬ ogists not located in Washington. He found the collections well cared for and, in the event of the death or disability of the person in charge, each could be readily identified, packed, and shipped to the Geological Survey at Washington. The methods used in caring for the collections are set forth in his administrative report.

Mr. Walcott has charge of the invertebrate paleontology of the Paleozoic formations. He has been principally engaged in completing the correlation essay on the Lower Paleozoic or Cambrian rocks of North America. In addition to this, atten¬ tion was given to matters relating to the paleontologic branch of the Survey and to the study of the Silurian section north-

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

11

west of Canyon City, Colorado, with relation to the strati- graphic position of the oldest vertebrate fossil remains yet discovered. By their associated invertebrate faunas the fish remains were found to be of middle Lower Silurian age, and much more ancient than any vertebrate life hitherto known.

Prof. H. S. Williams, who is attached to this division, com¬ pleted his correlation essay on the Devonian and Carbonifer¬ ous rocks, and conducted studies, both in field and office, on the relations of the Upper Paleozoic rocks in the Mississippi Valley, in Arkansas, and in Missouri.

The work of Prof. Alpheus Hyatt on the Lower Mesozoic was materially advanced by his field studies on the Pacific coast, in cooperation with the geologic division in charge of Mr. J. S. Diller, by the revision and description of the Tri- assic fossils from Idaho, and by the preparation of geologic sections made by him in New Mexico in 1889. This work has largely increased the data for the classification of the for¬ mations of the Jura-Trias period.

Dr. C. A. White, in charge of the Division of Upper Meso¬ zoic Paleontology, completed in February his correlation essay on the Cretaceous formations of North America. The prepa¬ ration by him of a bibliography of North American inverte¬ brate paleontology, together with a catalogue of all the pub¬ lished species, is now so far. advanced that its publication next year may be expected. On completing the correlation essay, his attention was directed toward accumulating data for two memoirs on the Upper Cretaceous formations.

Dr. W. B. Clark has completed and transmitted for publica¬ tion his correlation essay on the older Cenozoic or Eocene rocks of the United States.

Dr. W. H. Dali, in charge of the work on Cenozoic inver¬ tebrates, has completed his essay on the correlation of the newer Cenozoic or Neocene group. He has also continued his studies of the collections of Cenozoic age and their related later faunas that have been collected by the members of the Survey or presented by private individuals. His special field work was in northern California, in connection with Mr. J. S. Diller, who was engaged in mapping the areal geology. He

12

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

also studied in the field several questions relating to Floridian geology, especially in the southern portion of that peninsula.

The importance of field work was so great in the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, in charge of Prof. 0. C. Marsh, that he personally visited the region under exploration, espe¬ cially the localities where the most interesting discoveries had been made in the Laramie beds. Although it was planned to devote the resources of the division mainly to laboratory work, nevertheless a large amount of valuable material was obtained in the field. This material will be of great value in studies connected with the monographs now in preparation on the vertebrates. Study of the material in the laboratory was continued and work on the monograph on the Sauropoda so far advanced that its early publication is anticipated. A large series of typical vertebrate fossils lias been selected from the collection stored at New Haven, and will soon be placed on exhibition in the collections of the National Museum.

Work on the vertebrate fossils from the newer formations of Florida was continued by Prof. Joseph Leidy, of Philadel¬ phia, Pennsylvania, and but for his sudden illness and death it would soon have been completed.

The Division of Paleobotany, in charge of Prof. Lester F. Ward, has advanced the bibliographic work on the subject and assembled a vast amount of data, valuable for correlating American formations by their contained plant remains. Field work, for the purpose of obtaining collections of fossil plants from various geologic groups, was vigorously prosecuted in the Cretaceous series of Montana, in the Devonian of New York, in the Cretaceous of Gray Head, Massachusetts, and in the Jura- Trias of the Connecticut Valley. The special work in the laboratory was the preparation of a paper on the plant-bearing deposits of the Atlantic States. This, in connection with the monograph now in preparation on the flora of the Laramie group, the editing of the monograph by Prof. Lesquereux on the Dakota group, and general routine work, occupied the time of the entire force of the division throughout the year.

The work of the Division of Fossil Insects, in charge of Prof. Samuel Id. Scudder, was almost wholly confined to the

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

13

office and laboratory. An important collection, gathered in previous years, has been to a large extent worked over and the material prepared for study. Also, three works were pub¬ lished, as follows: The Tertiary Insects of North America, Bibliography of Fossil Insects, and An Alphabetical Index to the Known Fossil Insects of the World. In addition to this, progress was made in preparing a monograph on one of the divisions of the Coleoptera.

Details of the work of the various paleontologic divisions, including the progress of various special researches, journeys, and collections made in the field; special reports on local col¬ lections made to field geologists, and the distribution of work among assistants, are set forth at length in the administrative reports of the chiefs of paleontologic divisions.

PROGRESS IN ACCESSORY WORK.

CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.

This division has continued under the efficient direction of Prof. F. W. Clarke. The scientific corps, consisting of seven chemists and two physicists, remained unchanged. The ener¬ gies of the division were largely spent in the ordinary routine of chemical work. Two hundred and sixty-two complete quan¬ titative analyses were made, mostly of rocks and minerals col¬ lected by the geologists. A much larger number of specimens received from various sources were reported upon qualitatively. The chemical constitution of the micas, chlorites, and vermic- ulites has been studied jointly by Prof. Clarke and Dr. Schnei¬ der, and a bulletin giving results prepared.

The occurrence of nitrogen in a mineral found chiefly in Archean granite was determined last year by Dr. W. F. Hille- brand. This year he has extended his investigations and con¬ firmed his earlier conclusions. Dr. Thomas M. Chatard has entered upon a special study of the mineral phosphates, begin¬ ning with those in Florida, where he spent a month in making collections. Near the close of the year Dr. William Hallock visited Wheeling, West Virginia, and obtained a series of valu¬ able measures of earth temperatures, a dry well 4,500 feet

14

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

deep affording- an exceptional opportunity for such researches. Further details will be found in the report of Prof. Clarke.

STATISTICS OF MINERAL PRODUCTS.

With the present fiscal year began the regular decennial census of the United States. It was found advantageous, as set forth in the last annual report, to combine the work of the Census relating to mineral industries with that of the division of Mining Statistics of the Geological Survey. This joint work has been successfully carried on under the direction of Dr. David T. Day. The work of the division was during the year enlarged to several times its ordinary dimensions with a correspondingly increased volume of results. The expense was borne jointly by the Geological Survey and the Census The following is a tabulated statement of the mineral prod¬ ucts of the United States for the calendar year 1890:

Metallic products of the United States in 1890.

	Quantity.	Value.
Pig iron, spot value .	_ ^long tons..	9, 202, 703	$151, 200, 410
Silver, coining value .	. . troy ounces. .	54, 500, 000	70, 464, 645
Copper, value at New York City .	. pounds..	265, 115, 133	30, 848, 797
Gold, coining value .		1, 588, 880	32, 845, 000
Lead, value at New York City .	. . . short tons . .	161, 754	14, 266, 703
Zinc, value at New York City .	. do _	63, 683	6, 266, 407
Quicksilver, value at San Francisco. ..	. flasks. .	22, 926	1, 108, 090
Nickel, value at Philadelphia .	. pounds' . .	323, 488	194, 093
Aluminum, value at Philadelphia .	. do2 _	72, 543	72, 543
Antimony, value at San Francisco ....	. . . short tons . .		30, 000
Platinum, value (crude) at New York .	..troy ounces..	600	2,500
Total _ _ _ _			307, 299, 188

yon-metallic mineral products of the United States in 1890 (spot values).

Bituminous coal .

106, 921, 083

$109, 431, 221

Pennsylvania anthracite .

Building stone .

. do _

46, 468, 641

61, 445, 683 54, 000, 000 25, 000, 000

Lime .

1 Including nickel from Canadian matte. s Including aluminum alloys.

3 Including brown coal and lignite and anthracite mined elsewhere than in Pennsylvania.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

15

Non-metalUc mineral products of the United States , etc. — Continued.

Quantity.

Value.

Natural gas. . . . .

Petroleum . barrels

Cement . do..

Salt . do . .

Limestone for iron flux . long tons

Phosphate rock . do..

Mineral watets . gallons sold

Zinc white . short tons

Gypsum . do . .

Potters’ clay . long tons

Borax . pounds

Mineral paints . long tons

Grindstones .

Fibrous talc . short tons

Asplialtum . do..

Manganese ore . long tons

Soapstone . short tons

Flint . long tons

Pyrites . do . .

Precious stones, gold-quartz, jewelry, etc .

Marls . short tons

Crude barytes . long tons

Bromine . pounds

Corundum . short tons

Mica . pounds

Feldspar . long tons

Graphite, crude . pounds

Fluorspar . short tons

Slate ground as pigment . long tons

Sulphur . short tons

Ozokerite, refined . pounds

Chrome iron ore . long tons

Novaculite . pounds

Millstones .

Cobalt oxide . pounds

Infusorial earth . short tons

Rutile . pounds

47, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 8, 683, 943 7, 000, 000 575, 000 14, 000, 000

275, 000 300,000 8, 000, 000 35,000

34, 809 60,000 25,000 15,000 12, 000 87, 856

125, 000 20, 000 100, 000 2,000 60, 000 7,000

8, 250 2,000 260

100, 000 11,000 2, 500, 000

10,000 5, 000 i 1,000

$12, 000, 000 30, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 4, 707, 869 4, 000,000 2, 800, 000 2, 000, 000 1, 600, 000 800,000 650, 000 500,000 475,000 450,000 323, 746 200,000 250,000 250,000 50,000 235, 611 200,000 50,000 110, 000 30,000 100,000 75,000 40,000 75,000 55, 328 20,000 7,800 5,000 50,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 25,000 3,000

Total

318, 105, 258

16

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

Resume of the values of the metallic and non-metallic mineral substances produced in the United States in 1890.

Metals . $307,299,188

Mineral substances named in the foregoing table . 318, 105, 258

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified . 10, 000, 000

Grand total . 635, 404, 446

WORK IN THE DIVISION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

This division lias remained in charge of Mr. De Lancey W. Gill, who has maintained a high degree of efficiency. The average number of persons employed was 8 and the number of drawings produced 1,520. These have been prepared for annual reports, bulletins, and monographs. Interesting details respecting this division will be found in Mr. Gill’s report.

ENGRAVING AND PRINTING.

This division was created in February, 1890. Before that time the engraving and printing of maps was done by con¬ tract. Since that date a part has been done by contract and an increasing part by this division, which has steadily grown both in size and efficiency. It now numbers 12 persons and has the necessary machinery and appliances for rapid and economic map-engraving and printing. The chief engraver, Mr. S. J. Kiibel, whose report is printed in this volume, has shown a comprehensive knowledge of his art, good executive ability, and zeal. As a result, the division is well organized and efficient. As now constituted it can economically and skillfully make all the necessary corrections and revisions of the engraved plates, can do all the experimental engraving work, engrave some new sheets, and do all the map printing. This map printing will steadily increase as the number of plates and the demand for maps increase. The Survey now has the engraved copper plates of 473 sheets of the topographic atlas of the United States. The total number of maps printed during the year was 27,000.

The engraving of maps, both by contract and by the Division of Engraving and Printing, has gone forward rapidly through¬ out the year. At the date of my last report 344 sheets had

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

17

been engraved. During the fiscal year just ended 129 sheets were engraved, making the total number to date 473. Of these, 28 were engraved in the office and 101 by contract.

On June 30, 1890, contracts for engraving sheets of the general atlas of the United States were pending as follows:

Sinclair & Co., Philadelphia, 100 sheets at . : . $3. 40

H. C. Evans & Co., Washington, 30 sheets at . 2. 30

Bien & Co., New York, 48 sheets at . ^ . 2. 76

Bien & Co., New York, 20 sheets at . 2. 76

Bien & Co., New York, 9-sheet map of U. S . 48. 50

Excepting the second contract with Bien & Co., all the fore¬ going are completed.

During the year the following contracts for engraving 140 atlas sheets at an average cost of $282 have been awarded:

Evans & Bartle, Washington, 24 sheets at $285 . $6, 840

Evans & Bartle, Washington, 38 sheets at $250 . . 9, 500

Evans & Bartle, Washington, 23 sheets at $300 . 6, 900

Bien & Co., New York, 25 sheets at $325 . 8, 125

Harris & Sons, Baltimore, 30 sheets at $270 . 8, 100

Harris & Sons., Baltimore, map of Connecticut . 3, 485

Total . . . 42,950

PUBLICATIONS.

During the year there was excellent progress in making public the results obtained by the Survey. This branch of work had fallen in arrears, but is now fully up to date. For this the Survey is greatly indebted to the efficient cooperation of the Public Printer, Hon. F. W. Palmer. Papers aggregating nearly 11,000 pages were published during the year. The details are set forth in the accompanying report of Mr. W. A. Croffut.

WORK OF THE LIBRARY.

The library has remained in charge of Mr. C. C. Darwin, and its operations are described in detail in his administrative report. The accessions during the year amount to 2,120 books, 3,260 pamphlets, and 2,337 maps, and these were ac¬ quired in part by purchase and in part by exchange. The library now consists of 29,635 books, 37,957 pamphlets, and 22,337 maps. The extent to which the library is used may be 12 oeol - 2

18

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

judged by the fact that not less than 12,720 books and pamphlets were drawn out for use during the year. The sale and exchange of the Survey’s publications, as well as the transmission of documents published for gratuitous distribu¬ tion and the extensive correspondence connected therewith, have been carried on in the library. In all, 8,116 publications have been sent out in exchange, 34,689 distributed gratuitously, and 4, 1 87 sold. The total number of parcels handled is 53,07 8.

DISBURSEMENTS.

The accounts of the Survey have been, as ever since its organization, in the hands of Mr. John I). McChesney, chief disbursing clerk, who has prepared the following statement:

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

Amounts appropriated for and expended by the United States Geological Survey for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1891.

General ! expenses.	Office salaries.	Geological maps.	Total ap¬ propriation.
Appropriation fiscal year ending June 30, 1891, acts approved July 11, 1890, and August 30, 1890 . Amounts expended, classified as follows : A. Sendees .	$613, 900. 00	$35, 540. 00	$70, 000. 00	$719, 440. 00
400, 751. 96 40, 270. 38 4, 527. 47 32, 536. 59 50, 980. 93 8, 030. 09 4, 255. 71 3, 125. 69 2, 997. 21 5, 221. 10 1,811.62 143. 00 3, 440. 51 754. 25 2, 319. 54 955. 33 29. 70	34, 721. 00
B. Traveling expenses .

D. Field subsistence .
E. Field supplies and expenses .
F. Field material .
G. Instruments .
H. Laboratory material .
I. Photographic material .


M. Illustrations for report .
N. Office rents .
O. Office furniture .
P. Olfice supplies and repairs .
Q. Storage .
R. Correspondence .
		19, 643. 75
T, Bonded railroad accounts : Freight . $388.05 Transportation of assistants . 1,711.45	2, 099. 50
Total expenditures . Balance unexpended J une 30, 1891 . Probable amount required to meet outstanding liabilities, including contracts for engrav-
564, 250. 58	34,721.00 19,643.75	618, 615. 33
49, 649. 42 49, 649. 42	819. 00	50, 356. 25 50, 356. 25	100, 824. 67 100, 005. 67

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

19

In Mr. McChesney’s administrative report will be found a detailed statement of the disbursements of which the above is a concise summary -

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

For the successful prosecution of its work the Survey is greatly indebted to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu¬ tion, the Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Chief Signal Officer, for their hearty cooperation. The work of the Geological Survey is in many ways related to that under the supervision of these officers, and through their kindness important assistance has been rendered to the Sur¬ vey from day to day throughout the year.

The laborious duties connected with the administration of a large bureau can not be successfully performed without intel¬ ligent, faithful, and zealous cooperation on the part of various assistants. On no one officer is the Director compelled to rely to a greater and more varied extent than upon his chief clerk. For a period of some twenty years it has been the Director’s good fortune to have the efficient, zealous, and faithful coop¬ eration and support of Mr. James C. Pilling. From the pres¬ ent Director’s appointment down to April 30, 1891, the office of chief clerk in the Geological Survey has been filled by Mr Pilling. In addition to his multifarious duties in this position Mr. Pilling has been engaged in scientific work, collecting, arranging, and publishing material relating to the Indian lan¬ guages of North America; but failing health has made it nec¬ essary for him to relinquish a portion of his work, and he has determined to devote himself exclusively to the scientific part. On the 1st of May he was succeeded in the office of chief clerk by Col. II. C. Rizer. As a member of the Bureau of Ethnol¬ ogy Mr. Pilling will continue to prosecute his bibliographic and linguistic researches, and in the interest of science and of scientific workers it is hoped that he may be spared yet many years to continue his useful work.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS

OP

CHIEFS OF DIVISIONS

AND

HEADS OF INDEPENDENT PARTIES

ACCOMPANYING THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

DIRECTOR OF THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

FOR THE

FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1891.

21

I

*

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS.

REPORT OF MR. HENRY GANNETT

U. S. Geological Survey,

Eastern Division of Topography,

Washington , 7). C ., July 1 , 1891.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report upon the opera¬ tions of the Eastern Division of Topography during the last year:

In accordance with the precedent set by my last annual report I in¬ clude in this report the work of this division executed during May and June of the preceding fiscal year, and omit from consideration its oper¬ ations during May and June, 1891, in order to avoid a division of the field season.

During the year the work of this division lias been carried on in twenty States, namely: Maine, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Ar¬ kansas, Louisiana, and Texas.

The area surveyed is 44,100 square miles. Of this area 16,843 square miles were surveyed upon a scale of 1 : 62,500, with contour intervals of 5, 10, or 20 feet, and 27,257 square miles upon the scale of 1 : 125,000, with contour intervals of 20, 50, or 100 feet. The area surveyed upon the larger scale is 50 per cent greater than that of the preceding year, while that upon the smaller scale is less in nearly the same proportion, showing a decided advance in the direction of enlarging the scale.

The number of atlas sheets completed by the season’s work was 101, of which 73 were upon the scale of 1 : 62,500, and but 28 upon the scale of 1 : 125,000.

23

24

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

The area surveyed by this division is distributed as shown in the fol¬ lowing- table and upon the map which constitutes Plate i:

State.

Maine .

Connecticut - . .

New York .

Pennsylvania. .

Maryland .

Virginia .

West Virginia .

Georgia .

South Carolina

Tennessee .

Kentucky -

Florida .

Michigan .

Wisconsin _

Illinois .

Iowa . .

Kansas . .

Arkansas .

Texas .

Louisiana .

Scale of field work.	Scale of publication.	Contour interval.	Area surveyed.
1 : 45, 000	1 : 62500	Feet. 20	Sq. miles. 1, 125
1 : 45, 000	...do .	20	2, 250
1 : 45, 000	... do .	20	450
1 : 45, 000	. - .do .	20	1,800
1 : 63, 360	... do .	20	2, 450
1 : 63, 360	1 : 125000	50	2, 197
1 : 63, 360	...do .	100	2, 150
1 : 63, 360	...do .	50	400
1 : 63, 360	...do .	50	2, 050
1 : 03, 360	. . do .	100	2, 480
1 : 63, 360	. . .do .	100	2, 030
1 : 63, 300	1 : 62500	10	450
1 : 31, 680	... do .	20	168
1 : 31, 680	: .do .	20	1,575
1 : 31, 680	...do .	10	1, 125
1 : 31, 680	. . .do .	20	900
1 : 63, 360	1 : 125000	20	7, 000
1 : 63, 360	.. -do .	50	2, 500
1 : 63, 360	... do .	20 and 50	6, 000
1 : 63, 360	1 : 62500	5	5, 000

ORGANIZATION.

During the early part of the season the organization of the Topographic branch was substantially the same as during the year preceding. It comprised four sections, named, respectively, Northeastern, South¬ eastern, Northern, Central, and Southern Central.

The Northeastern Section included all work done in the States north of the Mason and Dixon line and east of Ohio ; the Southeastern Sec¬ tion, all work done south of the Mason and Dixon line and ,tbe Ohio River and east of the Mississippi and the eastern boundary of Louisiana; the Northern Central Section, all work done in the States of the Mis¬ sissippi Y alley north of the southern boundary of Kansas and east of the one hundredth meridian; the Southern Central Section, all work done in the States of Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana.

This form of organization was maintained until the 1st of October. Shortly before that date the sundry civil bill was passed by Congress. Among its provisions affecting the Geological Survey was one providing that out of the total appropriation for topographic work ($325,000) to be executed under the Geological Survey, one-half, or $102,500, should be expended for surveys east and one-lialf for surveys west of the one hundredth meridian. This was a considerable reduction from the amount theretofore appropriated, and it required an immediate reduction of force and change of plans.

Accordingly, as will be noted hereafter in greater detail, the work in Texas and part of that in Kansas was moved west of the one hundredth

GANNETT.]

THIS HEADS OF DIVISIONS.

25

meridian, and that in Iowa was transferred to western North Dakota. These changes involved the transfer of a number of men from the East¬ ern to the Western Division of Topography, and left in the Southern Central Section only the Arkansas work.

Under these circumstances it seemed advisable to consolidate the Northern Central and Southern Central Sections into one, under the name of the Central Section, and this was accordingly done.

During the field season an average of 125 men were in the employ of this division, of whom DO were topographers, assistant topographers, draftsmen, mechanicians, and field assistants; the remainder consisting of cooks, drivers, and laborers. During the winter there were employed in the office an average of 75 men.

NORTHEASTERN SECTION.

During the early part of the season this section remained in charge of Mr. Marcus Baker. On October 1, Mr. Baker was made General Assistant of the Director, and Mr. H. M. Wilson was placed in charge of this division. It has surveyed 5,025 square miles, completing 25 atlas sheets, all on a publication scale of 1 : 02,500 and with a contour inter¬ val of 20 feet. The field of work was in southwestern Maine, eastern Connecticut, southeastern New York, and the anthracite coal region in northeastern Pennsylvania.

The parties of this section took the field during the months of May and June. Work in Maine was resumed in May by Mr. W. II. Lovell, with three assistants. His field of work included the lower valley of the Kennebec and the coast of Casco Bay. Work was prosecuted ac¬ tively throughout the season and was closed late in November, five atlas sheets, comprising 1,125 square miles, having been completed.

The work in Connecticut was continued at the joint expense of the U. S. Geological Survey and the State of Connecticut, Mr. J. II. Jennings being in charge of the work. Four topographic parties were sent to the field in May, in charge respectively of Messrs. Jennings, Gulliver, At¬ kinson, and Clark, each with one or more assistants. A fifth party, under Mr. G. L. Johnson, was assigned the duty of revising the three sheets partially surveyed during the preceding season by E. W. F. Natter.

Early in the season Mr. Gulliver received a sunstroke, from which he recovered only partially, and the portion of the work assigned to him suffered greatly in consequence. Early in November Mr. G. PI. Hyde, who had spent the early part of the season in the iron region of Michi¬ gan, was assigned to work in this area, but was unable to complete it. With this exception the work continued through the season with excel¬ lent results, and when the parties left the field late in November or early in December the entire State of Connecticut was completed, with the exception of one sheet (the Norwich sheet) in the southeastern part, which was one of the two assigned to Mr. Gulliver’s party. During last

26

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

spring this sheet was completed, and T am ahle to report that the survey of Connecticut is finished.

The work in New York was placed in charge of Mr. Frank Sutton, with Mr. Robert Muldrow as an assistant. This party commenced work the first of June and left the field late in November. The field of work lay in the lower valley of the Hudson. The Tarrytown sheet was com¬ pleted, and the West Point sheet also, with the exception of a narrow strip on the western bank of the Hudson River.

The work in Pennsylvania was placed in charge of R. D. Cummin, and was carried on by four topographic parties, under Messrs. Cummin, Kramer, Lambert, and Smith. These parties took the field in May and completed their work in the latter part of November or early in Decem¬ ber, and surveyed during the season eight atlas sheets, all lying within the anthracite coal region in the northeastern part of Pennsylvania.

SOUTHEASTERN SECTION.

This section remained in charge of Mr. Gilbert Thompson. During the season an area of 14,137 square miles was surveyed, and twenty-five atlas sheets completed, thirteen of which are on a scale of 1 : 125,000, and twelve on a scale of 1 : 62,500. Work has been prosecuted in Mary¬ land, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. In addition to the new work in these areas, con¬ siderable revision has been made, especially in the valley of East Ten¬ nessee.

A party under Mr. C. M. Yeates was occupied during the season in extending the triangulation in eastern Kentucky for the control of the topographic work in that region. He took the field with a small party in June. His field of work was a most difficult one, consisting of the broken country in the lower slopes of the Cumberland Plateau, and he experienced great difficulty in planning and executing the required tri¬ angulation. He finally succeeded in carrying it through, and connected with the astronomical station at Richmond, Kentucky, previously estab¬ lished by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The discrepancy found in this connection was in latitude 2.3" and longitude 0.5". Assuming that the astronomical position of Richmond is correct — i. e., that there is no station error — this discrepancy may be regarded as representing the accumulation of error in 225 miles of triangulation over what is probably the most difficult section of country in the United States, and the result cannot but be regarded as very satisfactory.

The party operating in Maryland was put in charge of Mr. A. E. Murlin, topographer, and the area intrusted to him to survey lies upon the western shore of Chesapeake Bay, extending from the mouth of the Potomac northward to the head of the bay and westward to the Mount Vernon and Frederick sheets. It included the Baltimore and East Washington sheets, already surveyed. This area was to be surveyed for publication upon a scale of 1 : 62,500, with contour intervals of 20 feet.

OAN'NETT.]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS.

27

Mr. Murlin, with two assistants, took the hold earlyin June and pros¬ ecuted the work actively until the middle of .December, when he had completed the area assigned him. ' The output of the party was 2,450 square miles, completing twelve atlas sheets.

The Virginia party was placed in charge of Mr. Chas. E. Cooke, who had two assistants. To him was intrusted the work of completing the Appomattox sheet and the entire survey of the Lynchburg sheet. The party took the held about the middle of June, and worked industri¬ ously throughout the season, but was nevertheless forced to remain in the held until the 1st. of January to complete the area assigned it. This area, which finishes two atlas sheets, includes 1,860 square miles.

The West Virginia party remained, as heretofore, under Mr. L. C. Fletcher, to whom, with three assistants was assigned the work of completing the Charleston and Huntington atlas sheets in the western part of the State, a region consisting of the lower slopes of the Cumber¬ land plateau, which are extremely broken and covered with forests.

Mr. Fletcher began work about the middle of June and prosecuted it with his usual energy and good judgment, completing the area assigned him, and disbanding November 1. The area surveyed during the season was 2,150 square miles, completing the two atlas sheets above mentioned.

The Kentucky party remained, as heretofore, in charge of Mr. E. C. Barnard, to whom, with three assistants, was intrusted the work of surveying the Beattyville and Richmond atlas sheets, and as much of the Harrodsburg sheet as possible. These sheets include the lower slopes of the Cumberland plateau, which presented difficulties similar to those encountered by Mr. Fletcher in West Virginia and a portion of the bluegrass country.

This party took the field J une 10, and worked steadily till the latter part of November, when the Beattyville and Richmond sheets were com¬ pleted, together with half of the Harrodsburg sheet, the total area sur¬ veyed being 2,030 square miles.

Mr. Merrill Hackett has remained in charge of the party engaged in surveying the drainage basin of the Savannah River, in South Carolina. This party, consisting of Mr. Hackett and two assistants, took the field in the latter part of June, charged with the completion of the Abbeville sheet and the survey of the Elberton and McCormick sheets, lying mainly in South Carolina, north of Augusta, Georgia. This region consists of a rolling country, with little relief.

Work was prosecuted till the middle of December, when the above- named sheets were completed. The area surveyed by this party was 2,450 square miles, completing three atlas sheets. Besides executing the topographic surveys, Mr. Hackett’s party were obliged to control their work by means of primary traverse lines.

The work done in Tennessee during the last season was located in the southeastern part of the State, along its southern boundary, and extending westward from the Sequatchie Valley. Mr. Louis Nell was

28

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

placed in charge of the party, and at the opening of the season was assigned three assistants, one of whom it was found necessary to with¬ draw for special work shortly after the commencement of the season.

This party took the field early in July, and completed work and dis¬ banded on November 10, having surveyed 2,480 square miles, complet¬ ing the Sewanee and Pikeville sheets and about half of the McMinnville sheet. Besides executing the topographic survey of this area, they ran 111 miles of primary traverse for its control.

In addition to the new work above described, considerable revision was carried on. Mr. Longstreet was engaged throughout the season in revising the Maynardville, Morristown, and Mount Guyot sheets, and Mr. Chas. G. Van Hook was detached in July from Mr. Nell’s party, and was engaged during the remainder of the season in the resurvey of the Knoxville atlas sheet.

During the winter, work was actively prosecuted in the phosphate regions of Florida. Two parties were organized, one under Mr. C. M. Yeates for running primary traverse lines and establishing bench-marks, and one under Mr. Hersey Munroe for the mapping of topographic details.

Mr. Yeates’s party took the field about the beginning of the calendar year, and ran a line from Cedar Keys, on the west coast, to Gainesville, thence southward to Ocala, following the railroad, and thence by com¬ mon road westward to the coast at Homosassa. His traverse lines were accompanied by a level line for the purpose of establishing bench-marks for the topographers.

Mr. Munroe commenced work upon the Dunnellon sheet west of Ocala early in December, with four assistants. Work was prosecuted by this party until the 1st of May, resulting in the completion of the Dunnellon sheet and the survey of about three-fourths of the Ocala sheet, the scale of work being suitable for publication upon a scale of 1 : 62,500 with a contour interval of 10 feet.

During the winter and spring, field work has been prosecuted in the Dismal Swamp and the country adjacent on the north and east by Mr. W. It. Atkinson, in the area commenced three years previous. Work was pushed from the 1st of January until the end of May, and resulted in the survey of 337 square miles, completing the Norfolk and Virginia Beach sheets, the scale of publication being 1:125,000, and the contour interval 5 feet.

NORTHERN CENTRAL SECTION.

This section has remained in charge of Mr. J. II. Itenshawe. Work has been prosecuted in the iron region upon the upper peninsula of Michigan, in southern Wisconsin, in Illinois, and in Kansas, and during the winter in southern Louisiana. The area surveyed was 15,768 square miles, completing 43 atlas sheets, 36 of which are upon the scale of 1 : 62,500 and 7 upon the scale of 1 : 125,000.

GANNETT.]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS.

29

The topographic survey of the Marquette iron region upon the upper peninsula of Michigan, which was commenced during the preceding year, was completed and the survey of the Gogebic region carried out. This work was done by Mr. G. E. Hyde and one assistant, who commenced work in May and completed both areas in October.

As the work in these regions has been confined closely to the iron region, without any reference to the completion of atlas sheets, the area surveyed is irregular in form, and no sheets have been finished. The entire area surveyed by Mr. Hyde in this region was 1(>8 square miles.

The work in Wisconsin, as heretofore, was in charge of Mr. Van If. Manning, who with two assistants prosecuted the survey from May until November. Seven sheets were surveyed, comprising approximately 1,575 square miles, lying in the southeastern part of the State.

The work in Illinois, as during the preceding season, was in charge of Mr. 1). C. Harrison, with one assistant. They commenced work in May, and prosecuted it actively until the latter part of November, completing two sheets, which had been partially surveyed during the preceding sea¬ son, and surveying entirely five others, lying along the course of the Illinois River southwest of Chicago. The entire area surveyed by Mr. Harrison is estimated at 1,125 square miles.

As heretofore, the work in Iowa was carried on by Mr. W. J. Peters. Mr. Peters, with one assistant, commenced work early in May and prosecuted it admirably and effectively until the first of October, when, owing to the allotment of the appropriation by Congress, and the con¬ sequent reduction in the amount available for eastern work, it became necessary to transfer him with his assistant to the Western Division of topography. Up to that time Mr. Peters had surveyed four sheets in eastern Iowa, having an area of 900 square miles.

The work in Kansas was carried on under a form of organization similar to that of the season before. The work was in general charge of Mr. H. L. Baldwin, who personally conducted the triangulation for its control. There were two topographic parties in charge respectively of R. M. Towson and W. II. Herron. To Mr. Baldwin fell the work of extending the northern belt of triangulation from its former termination in longitude 97 to the one hundredth meridian, and the connection of his triangulation stations with section corners of the General Land Office.

To Mr. Herron, with two assistants, was assigned the survey of the three sheets lying along the southern boundary of the State, and limited on the west by the one-liundredth meridian, while to Mr. Towson was assigned the survey of five sheets in the northern portion of the State. These parties took the field early in May. Mr. Towson’s party continued through the season in the field allotted to it, and completed the five re¬ quired sheets. Mr. Herron had an extremely difficult field for survey, consisting of a broken canyon country with few settlements and roads, and his progress was therefore necessarily slow. The 1st of October found his party with two sheets completed and level lines run over the

30

ADMINISTRATIVE RETORTS BY

third sheet, but no topography sketched upon it. At that date it be¬ came necessary to transfer this party to the Western Division.

The triangulation party under Mr. Baldwin had practically completed on October 1 the belt of triangulation which it was called upon to exe¬ cute, and at that date this party was also transferred to the Western Division.

The area surveyed by the Kansas party was 7,000 square miles, com¬ pleting seven atlas sheets, all surveyed for publication upon a scale of 1 : 125,000, with a contour interval of 20 feet.

SOUTHERN CENTRAL SECTIONS.

This section was in charge of Mr. B. U. Goode until October 1. AVork was prosecuted in Arkansas and Texas. The area surveyed was 8,500 square miles, completing eight atlas sheets, all upon a scale of 1 : 125,000.

The organization of the Arkansas parties remained as during the pre¬ ceding year, and consisted of a triangulation party under Mr. G. T. Hawkins, and a topographic party under Mr. II. B. Blair. The triangu¬ lation party took the field on the 1st of May, and was engaged through¬ out the season in working northward and westward along the northern border of the State and running primary traverse lines in southwestern Missouri looking toward the survey of the three sheets in the southwest¬ ern corner of that State. He left the field toward the end of November.

The topographic party, consisting of H. B. Blair with three assistants, commenced work about the 1st of July, and continued in the field until the latter part of December. Two sheets were surveyed completely in the northern part of the State, while the third, the Little Bock sheet, was nearly completed.

The organization in Texas was increased over that of last season by the addition of a party under Mr. A. E. Wilson for executing primary leveling and furnishing bench marks to the topographers. Besides this leveling party there was, as before, one party for carrying on triangu¬ lation and two parties for mapping topographic details. The former was in charge of Mr. C. F. Urquhart, the latter in charge of Messrs. H. S.

Wallace and B. O. Gordon.

These parties left for the field in the latter part of April and com¬ menced work in the early part of May. They surveyed, first, the two sheets lying between the meridians of 97° and 97° 30' and the parallels of 31° and 32°; then moving their parties westward, they surveyed four sheets lying between the meridians of 99° 30' and 100° and the paral¬ lels of' 31° and 33°. The triangulation and leveling parties all this time kept in advance of the topographic parties and furnished them positions and elevations for their use. The area last mentioned was completed on or about October 1, when all these parties were transferred to the western section and their field work moved west of the one hundredth meridian. At this date what was left the Southern Central Division

GANNETT.]

THIC HEADS OF DIVISIONS.

31

was consolidated with the Northern Central Division, and subsequent work belongs to the latter organization.

During the winter work was actively prosecuted in southern Louisi¬ ana. This was placed in charge of Mr. II. L. Baldwin, and to him were assigned eight assistants. They left for the field early in January, and were organized into four parties of two men each for economic prosecu¬ tion of the work. Provision was made for housing the parties upon Hat- boats, as it appeared to be impracticable to .maintain them a t houses, as was the practice the winter before.

Work was continued until the middle of April. The area surveyed lay south of the territory surveyed last season, and included the area between the meridians of 89° 45' and 91° and from the parallel of 29° 45' southward to the coast. Besides this, the unfinished portions of two sheets of the previous season’s area were completed. In this region great assistance was afforded by the work of the U. S. Coast and Geo¬ detic Survey, which has completed or nearly completed the coast line with the topography inland for some distance up the bayous and rivers.

From tins season’s work twenty atlas sheets will be finished, embrac¬ ing an area of about 5,000 square miles, all on a scale of 1 : 02,500, and with a contour interval of 5 feet.

ASTRONOMIC AND COMPUTING SECTION.

Upon the resignation of Mr. It. S. Woodward, formerly in charge of this section, Mr. S. S. Gannett was transferred to fill his place. Besides determining the position of Sapid City, South Dakota, by astronomic observation, Mr. Gannett has been occupied in the reduction of obser¬ vations of triangulation in Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas, and in the computation of primary traverses and in the preparation of tables for field use by the topographers.

In accordance with a request made by this office, the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey has made astronomic determinations of position at Jacksonville, Texas; Gainesville, Florida; and Augusta, Georgia — these positions being needed for the location of topographic work.

DRAFTING DIVISION.

This division, in charge of Mr. Harry King, was engaged during the early part of the year in the preparation of map illustrations for reports, and in the proof-reading of engraved atlas sheets. In March of the present year this section was dissolved, Mr. King’s two assistants being transferred to the Division of Illustration, and Mr. King being made proof-reader of maps.

INSTRUMENTS.

The instrument shop, as heretofore, has been in charge of Mr. Edward KUbel, with four assistants. As heretofore, the work done in the shop has been practically limited to the repair and adjustment of the instru-

32

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

ments in the possession of the Survey. This work taxes the resources of the shop to its utmost limit, aud practically no new instruments have been made during the year.

ENGRAVING.

In my last report it was stated that there were pending at that time a contract with Messrs. Sinclair & Co., of Philadelphia, for engraving 100 sheets; one with H. C. Evans, of Baltimore, for 30 sheets; one with Messrs. Bien & Co., of New York, for 20 sheets, for 48 sheets, and for the 9-sheet map of the United States. With the exception of that with Messrs. Bien for 48 sheets, all these contracts have been completed, the plates furnished this office, and small editions of the maps printed.

Since that date the following contracts have been made: With Evans & Bartle, 24 sheets, 44 sheets, 23 sheets; with Bien & Co., 25 sheets; with Messrs. Geo. S. Harris & Sons, 30 sheets, and the map of the State of Connecticut in 4 sheets.

These six contracts are all pending in various stages of completion. Besides the sheets engraved under contract, the engraving division of this office has engraved 28 sheets.

Appended to this report will be found a list of the atlas sheets en¬ graved up to July 1, 1891.

Very respectfully,

Henry Gannett,

Chief Topographer.

Hon. J. W. Powell,

Director.

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30 , 1891.

Locality.	Name of sheet.

	Newfield .
Maine and New Hamp-	Biddeford . Kennebunk . York .
shire.	Dover .
New Hampshire and	Brattleboro .
Vermont.
Massachusetts and New	Newbury port .
Hampshire.	Haverhill .
	Lawrence . Lowell . Groton . Fitchburg . Wincliendon .

Designation of sheet.	A rea	Scale.	.3
Lat.	Long.	covered.	a ® o
o / 43 30	o / 70 15	i's degree . . .	1 : 62, 500	Feet. 20
43 30	70 45	_ do .	... do .	20
43 15	70 15	_ do .	... do .	20
43 15	70 30	_ do .	... do .	20
43 00	70 30	_ do .		20
43 00	70 45	_ _ do .		20
42 45	72 30	_ _ do .		20
42 45				20
42 45	70 45	... .do .	... do .	20
42 45	71 00	_ _ do .	... do .	20
42 30	71 00	_ _ do .	... do .	20
42 30	71 15	_ _ do .	... do .	20
42 30	71 30			20
42 30	71 45	_ do .	.. .do .	20
42 30	72 00	- do .	. . .do .	20

OANNKTT.]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS

33

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30, 1801 — Continued.

Locality.

Massachus o 1 1 8 , New Hampshire, and Ver¬ mont.

Massachusetts and Ver¬ mont.

Massachusetts, Vermont, and New York.

Massachusetts and New York.

Massachusetts .

Massachusetts and Con¬ necticut.

Massachusetts, Connec¬ ticut, and New York. Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

Rhode Island .

12 GEOL-

Name of sheet.	Designation of sheet.	Area	Scale.
Lat.	Long.	covered.
Warwick .	o / 42 30	o / 72 15	A degree . . .	1 : 62, 500
Greenfield .	42 30	72 30	_ do ....	do .
Hawley .	42 30	72 45	_ do .
Grey lock .	42 30	73 00
Berlin .	42 30	73 15
Pittsfield .	42 13	73 15	_ _ do .	do .
Gloucester .	42 30	70 30	_ _ do .	. . . do .
	42 30	70 45
Boston Bay .	42 15		... .do .	. . do .
Boston .	42 15	71 00	... .do .	...do .
Framingham .	42 15	71 15		... do .
	42 15	71 30		. .do .
Worcester .	42 15	71 45	. . . .do .	.. .do .
Barre .	42 15	72 00	_ do .
	42 15	72 15	_ do .	;;;do ::::::
	42 15	72 33	. . . .do .	... do .
Chesterfield .	42 15	72 45	. . . .do .	... do .
Becket .	42 15	73 00	. . . .do .	...do .
	42 00	70 00	... .do .	...do .
	42 00	70 30	_ do .	. . .do .

	42 00	70 45	.... do .
	42 00	71 00
Wellfleet .	41 45	69 55	_ do .	... do .
	41 45	70 30	... .do .	...do .
Middleborough ...	41 45	70 45	....do .	. . - do .
	41 45	71 00	_ _ do .	. . do .
	41 30	09 45	_ _ do . .
	41 30	70 00	_ do .	. . .do .
	41 32	70 15	_ do .	...do .
	41 30	70 30	_ do .
New Bedford .	41 30	70 45	.... do .	.. .do .
Nantucket .	41 13	69 57	_ _ do .	. . .do .
Muskeget .	41 15	70 12	_ do .	... do .
Marthas Vineyard .	41 15 41 15	70 72 70 42	- do . _ _ do .	. . .do .
	42 00	71 45	. . . .do .	...do .
	42 00	72 00	_ do .	. . .do .
	42 00	72 15	_ do .	. . . do .
	42 00	72 30	. . (lo .	... do .
	42 00	72 45	_ do .	...do .
Sandisfield .	42 00	73 00	_ do .	...do .
	42 00	73 15	_ do .	. . .do .
	42 00	71 15		... do .
	42 00	71 30		. . do .
	41 45	71 15	_ do .	. . . do .
	41 30	71 00	. . .do .	...do .
	41 45	71 30		.. do . I
Narragansett Bay . .	41 30	71 15	- do .	. . .do . 1

il

V

o

Feet.

20

40

20

?0

20

34

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS P»Y

Atlas .s'

Locality.

Rhode Island

Rhode Island and Con¬ necticut.

Rhode Island, Connecti¬ cut, and New York. Connecticut .

Now York and Connecti¬ cut.

Now York .

New York and Now Jer¬ sey.

New Jersey . .

>' engraved to June 30 , 1891 — Continued.

Designation of sheet.

Name of sheet.

Kent .

Sakonnet

Newport .

Charlestown . Block Island

Putnam .

J Moosup .

' Stonington . .

Lat.

41 30 41 15 41 15 41 15

41 00

41 45 41 30 41 15

Long.

71 30

00

15

71 30

71 30 71 45 71 45 71 45

Area

covered.

re degree

. . do -

...do ... . . .do .... . . .do ...

. . .do -

. . .do _

...do ....

Scale.

1 : 62, 500 . .do .

do

.do

do

£ s o £

B §3

o

Feet.

20

Meriden .... Waterbary . New Milford New Haven.

Derby .

Bridgeport. . Norwalk. . . . Stamford . . .

41	30	72	45
41	30	73	00
41	30	73	15
41	15	72	45
41	15	.73	00
41	00	73	00
41	00	73	15
41	00	73	30

- do .	...do .
. . . .do .	...do .
. . . .do .	. . do .
. . . .do .	-do -
...do .	do .
. . . .do .
_ do .
. . . .do .

20

Brooklyn .	40	30
Harlem .	40	45
Staten Island .	40	30
Ramapo .	41	00
Greenwood Lake . .	41	00
Franklin .	41	00
Paterson . .	41	00
Morristown .	40	45
Lake Hopatcong. . .	40	45
Hackettstown .	40	45
Plainlield .	40	30
Somerville .	40	30
High Bridge .	40	30
Sandy Hook .	40	15
New Brunswick . . .	40	15
Princeton .	40	15
Asbury Park .	40	00
Cassville .	40	00
Bordentown .	40	00
Barnegat .	39	45
Whitings .	39	45
Pemberton .	39	45
Mount Holly .	39	45
Long Beach .	39	30
Little Egg Harbor	39	30
Mullicas .	39	30
Hammonton .	39	30
Glassboro .	39	30
Salem .	39	30
Atlantic City .	39	15
Great Egg Harbor	39	15
Tuckalioe .	39	15
Bridgeton .	39	15
Sea 1 sle .	39	00

73 45	....do .	_ . .do .
73 45	... .do .	do .
74 00	.... do .	. do .
74 00	...do .
	... .do .	. do .
74 30	... .do .
74 00	_ do .	...do .
74 15		do .
74 30	... .do .	. . .do .
74 45	_ do .	do ..
74 15	....do .	. . .do .
74 30	...do .	. .do .
74 45	... .do .	. .do .
74 00	.... do .	do .
74 15	. . . .do .	... do _
74 30	. . . .do .	do .
74 00	_ do .	do .
74 15	... .do .
74 30	... .do .
74 00	_ do .	do .
74 15	. . . .do .
74 30	... .do .	do ....
74 45	_ do .	do .
74 00	. . . .do .	. . do .
74 15	_ do .	do .
74 30	_ do .	do .
74 45	_ do ........	.do .
75 00	. . . .do .	do ....
75 15		.do .
74 15	... .do .	.do .
74 30	.... do .	.. do .
74 45	....do .	. do ... .
75 00	. . . .do .	. .do .
74 30	- do .	... do .

20

10

GANNETT]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS

35

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30 , 1801 — Continued.

Locality.

Name of sheet.

New Jersey.

New Jersey and Penn¬ sylvania.

Dennisville .

Maurice Cove .

Cape May .

Wall pack .

Delaware Water Gap.

Designation of sheet.

Lat.

Long.

o '

39 00

39 00 38 45 41 00

40 45

74 45

75 00 74 45

74 45

75 00

Area

covered.

i« degree ....do ....

....do _

....do .... _ do —

Scale.

1 : 62, 500

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

Pennsylvania

Easton .

Lambertville Burlington . . Philadelphia.

Scranton .

Hazleton ....

Catawissa

New Jersey and Delaware

Maryland .

Maryland and District of Columbia.

Maryland, District of Co¬ lumbia, and Virginia.

Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia.

Maryland and West Vir¬ ginia.

Maryland and Virginia . .

Virginia .

Virginia and West Vir¬ ginia.

Lykens .

Doylestown .

Quaker town .

Lebanon .

Germantown .

Bay side .

Baltimore .

East Washington. .

West Washington .

Mount Vernon .

Harper's Ferry -

Romney .

Piedmont .

Frederick .

Fredericksburg. . . .

Warrenton .

Luray .

Spottsyl vania .

Gordonsville .

Harrisonburg .

Goochland .

Palmyra .

Buckingham .

Lexington .

Natural Bridge

Farmvillc .

Roanoke .

Winchester .

Woodstock .

Franklin .

Beverly .

Staunton .

Monterey .

Lewisburg .

Christiansburg

Dublin .

Pocahontas .

40	30
40	15
40	00
39	45
41	15
40	45
40	45
40	30
40	15
40	15
40	15
40	00
39	15
39	10
38	45
38	45
38	30
39	00
39	00
39	00
39	00
38	00
38	30
38	30
38'	00
38	00
38	00
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	00
37	00
39	00
38	30
38	30
38	30
38	00
38	00
37	30
37	00
37	00
37	00

75 00 _ do .	. . . do .
74 45 _ do .	. . .do .
74 45 _ do .	.. .do
75 00 _ do .	. . . do . .
75 30 .... do .

76 15 _ do .	...do ...
76 30 _ do .
75 00 _ do .	... do _
75 15 _ _ do .	- . .do . .
76 15 _ do .
75 00 _ do .
75 15 _ do .	. . .do . .
76 30 _ do .	. . . do . .
76 45 _ do .	. . .do .
77 00 _ do .
77 00 £ degree .... 77 30 _ do .	1 : 125, 000 . . .do .
78 30 _ do .	. . .do .
79 00 _ do .	. . . do .
77 00 _ do .	...do .
77 00 _ do .	... do .
77 30 _ do .
78 00 _ do .	.do .
77 30 _ do .	. . .do .
78 00 ....do . 78 00 _ do .	. .do . .. .do .
77 30 _ do .
78 00 _ do .	.. .do .
78 30 _ do .	. .do .
79 00 _ do .	. _ .do .
79 30 _ do .	. . .do .
78 00 _ do .	... do .
79 30 _ do .	...do .
78 00 _ do .
78 30 _ do .	. .do .
79 00 _ do .	...do .
79 30 _ do .	...do .
79 00 ...do .	... do .
	... do .
80 00 _ do .	...do .
80 00 _ do .	. . .do .
80 30 _ do . 81 00 ....do .	. .do . ..do .

t. —

a «

o >

4- t-

a « O

Feet.

10

20

10

20

50

100

50

100

50

100

50

100

50

100

36

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30, 1891 — Continued.

Locality.	Name of sheet.	Designation of sheet.	Area covered.	Scale.	Contour in¬ terval.
Lat.	Long.
		O	,	o	,			Feet.
Virginia and West Vir-	Tazewell .	37	00	81	30	\ degree ....	1 : 125, 000	100
ginia.
		39	00	79	30	. ...do .		100
		38	00	80	00	.... do .		100
		38	00	80	30	_ _ do .	do	100
		38	00	81	00	... .do .		100
	Hinton .	37	30	80	30	.... do .		100
	Raleigh .	37	30	81	00	. . . .do .	...do .	100
	Oceana .	37	30	81	30	. . . .do .		100
West Virginia, Virginia	W arfield .	37	30	82	00	. ...do .	. . .do .	100
and Kentucky.
	Prestonburg .	37	30	82	30	_ do .	...do .	100
	Salyers ville .	37	30	83	00	_ do .	.. .do ..	100
	Hazard .	37	00	83	00	....do .	.. .do .	100
	Manchester .	37	00	83	30	_ _ do .	...do .	100
Kentucky and Virginia . .	Whitesburg .	37	00	82	30	.... do .	...do .	100
Grundv .	37	00	82	00	.... do .		100
Virginia and North Caro-	Hillsville .	36	30	80	30	. . . .do .	... do .	100
lina.	Wythe ville .	36	30	81	00	. . . .do .	.. .do .	100
Virginia, North Carolina,	Abingdon .	36	30	81	30	... .do .	. . .do .	100
and Tennessee.
Virginia and Tennessee. .	Bristol .	36	30	82	00	... .do .		100
Kentucky, Virginia, and	Estillville .	36	30	82	30	... .do .	... do _	100
Tennessee.	Jonesville .	36	30	83	00	_ _ do .	. . . do .	100
	Cumberland Gap . .	36	30	83	30	....do .	. . .do .	100
Kentucky and Tennessee.	Williamsburg . ...	36	30	84	00	_ do .	. . .do _	100
	Wilkesboro .	36	00	81	00	_ do .		100
	Morganton .	35	30	81	30	. . . .do .	...do .	100
	Cowee .	35	00	83	00	....do		100
North Carolina anil Ten-	Roan Mountain ....	36	00	82	00	_ do .	. . .do ....	100
	Cranberry .	36	00	81	30	... .do .	... do . .	100
	Greeneville .	36	00	82	30	... .do .		100
	Mount Mitchell	35	30	82	00	_ do .		100
	Asheville .	35	30	82	30	... .do .		100
	Mount Guyot .	35	30	83	00	_ do .	. . .do .	100
	Knoxville .	35	30	83	30	_ _ do .	... do _	100
	Nantahalah .	35	00	83	30	. . . .do .	.. .do	100
	Murphy .	35	00	84	00	....do .	. . .do . .	100
North Carolina and South	Saluda .	35	00	82	00	_ do .	... do _	100
Carolina.	Pisgah .	35	00	82	30			100
Tennessee .	Morristown .	36	00	83	00	_ _ do . .		100
	Maynardville .	36	00	83	30	_ _ do .	. . .do .	100
	Loudon .	35	30	84	00	. . . .do .	. . .do .	100
	Kingston .	35	30	84	30	....do ..	...do ...	100
	Cleveland .		00	84	30	_ _ do .	. . .do .	100
	Chattanooga .	35	00		00	.... do _		100
South Carolina .	Pickens .	34	30	82	30			100
South Carolina and Geor-	Walhalla .	34	30	83	00	. . . .do . .		100
gia.
Georgia .	Dahlonega .	34	30	83	30			100
	Ellijay .	34	30	84	00			100
	Dalton .	34	30	84	30			100
	Carnesville .	34	00	83	00	....do .	. . -do .	100

GANNETT.]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS

37

Atlas sheets engraved to June SO , 1801 — Continued.

Locality.	Name of sheet.	Designation of sheet.
Lat.	Long.
		O 34	/ 00	O 83	/ 30
	Suwanee .	34	00	84	00
	Cartersville .	34	00	84	30
	Atlanta .	33	30	84	00
	Marietta .	33	30	84	30
Georgia and Alabama -	Ringgold .	34	30	85	00
	Rome .	34	00	85	00
	Tallapoosa .	33	30	85	00
	Stevenson .	34	30	85	30
	Scottsboro .	34	30	86	00
	Huntsville .	34	30	86	30
	Fort Payne .	34	00	85	30
	Gadsden .	34	00	86	00
	Cullman .	34	00	86	30
	Anniston .	33	30	85	30
	Springville .	33	30	86	00
	Birmingham .	33	30	86	30
	Ashland .	33	00	85	30
	Talladega .	33	00	86	00
	Bessemer .	33	00	86	30
	Clanton .	32	30	86	30
		43	00	89	00
	Waterloo .	43	00	88	45
	Madison .	43	00	89	15
«	Koshkonong .	42	45	88	45
	Stoughton .	42	45	89	00
	Evansville .	42	45	89	15
		41	45	87
	Riverside .	41	30	87	45
		42	00	90	30
	Baldwin .	42	00	90	45
	Monticello .	42	00	91	00
	Anamosa .	it	00	91	15
	Marion .	42	00	91	30
	Shellsburg .	42	00	91	45
	DeWitt .	41	45	90	30
	Wheatland .	41	45	90	45
	Tipton .	41	45	91	00
	Mechanicsville ....	41	45	91	15
	Cedar Rapids .	41	45	91	30
	Amana .	41	45	91	45
	West Liberty .	41	30	91	15
	Iowa City .	41	30	91	30
	Oxford .	41	30	91	45
	Davenport .	41	30	90	30
	Durant .	41	30	90	45
	Wilton Junction . .	41	30	91	00
Missouri and Illinois . . . .	Louisiana .	39	00	91	00
	St. Louis, East -	38	30	90	00
Missouri .		38	30	90	15
	Mexico .	39	00	91	30
	Moberly .	39	00	92	00

Area covered.	Scale.
J degree ....	1 : 125, 000
. . .do .
. . . do .
. . .do .
...do .	.do ..
. . .do .	. .do .
...do .	.do .
...do .	... do .
. . .do .	. .do .
...do .	... do .
...do .	. .do .
. . .do .
...do .	do .
... do .
_ do .
. . .do .	. do .
. . .do .	do .
. . .do .
. . .do .
...do .
...do .	.do .
ts degree . . .	1 : 62, 500
. . .do .	do
. . .do .	. .do .
. . .do .	do .
. . .do .	do ..
. . .do .	...do .
. . .do .
...do .
. . .do .
... do .
... do .
... do .
...do .
...do .
...do .	. -do .
. . .do .
. . .do .	do .
...do .
. . .do .	.do .
_ do .	. do .
_ do .
...do .
...do .	do ....
...do .	. .do .
...do .
. . .do .	. . .do .
J degree ....	1 : 125, 000
A degree . .	1 : 62, 500
. . . do .
J degree ....	1 : 125, 000
...do .	...do .

o

O

Feet.

100

50

100

50

20

10

20

50

20

50

38

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30, 1891 — Continued.

Locality.

Missouri

Missouri ami Kansas

Kansas

Name of sheet.	Designation of sheet.	Area covered.	Scale.	Contour in¬ terval. /
Lat.	Long.
	o /	0 /			Feet.
Glasgow .	39 00	92 30	J degree ....	1 : 125, 000	50
	39 00	93 00	_ do .	. . .do .	50
	30 00	93 30		... do .	50
	39 00	94 00	.... do .	. . .do .	50

	38 30	91 00	. . . .do . .	. . .do .	50
Fulton . :...	38 30	91 30	.... do .	. . .do .	50
	38 30	92 00	... .do _ _	. . .do .	50
	38 30	92 30	_ do ..	. . . do .	50
Sedalia .	38 30	93 00	... .do .	. . .do .	50
	38 30	93 30		... do .	50
Harrisonville .	38 30	94 00	....do .	... do .	50
	38 00	92 00		. . do .	50
	38 00	92 30	_ do .		50
	38 00	93 00			50
	38 00	93 30	_ do .	. . do .	50
Butler .	38 00	94 00	.... do _ _	. . do .	50
Bolivar .	37 30	93 00	_ do .		50
Stockton .	37 30	93 30	.... do .		50
Nevada .	37 30	94 00	.... do .		50
Springfield .	37 00	93 00	_ do .	... do .	50
Greenfield .	37 00	93 30	_ do .	.. do .	50
Carthage .	37 00	94 00	_ _ do . .		50
Atchison .	39 30	95 00	_ do .	do .	50
Kansas City .	39 00	94 30	.... do . .	. . do .	50
Olathe .	38 30	94 30	_ do .		50
Mound City .	38 00	94 30	. . . .do		50
Fort Scott .	37 30	94 30	_ do .	...do .	50
Joplin .	37 00	94 30	.... do .	... do .	50
Hiawatha .	39 30	95 30	....do .	...do .	50
Seneca .	39 30	96 00	_ _ do .	... do . .	50
Marysville .	39 30	96 30	_ _ do .	... do _	50
Oskaloosa .	39 00	95 00	_ do .	. . do .	50
Topeka .	39 00	95 30	_ do .	... do _	50
W amego .	39 00	96 00	... .do .		50
Junction City .	39 00	96 30	.... do .		50
Lawrence .	38 30	95 00	_ _ do .	.. do .	50
Burlingame .	38 30	95 30	_ do .	. . do .	50
Eskridge .	38 30	90 00			50
Parkerville .	38 30	96 30	... .do .	... do .	50
Abilene .	38 30	97 00			50
Garnett .	38 00	95 00			50
Burlington .	38 00	95 30			50
Emporia .	38 00	96 00	_ do .		50
Cottonwood Falls. .	38 00	96 30	. . . .do .	...do .	50
N e wton . . .	38 00	97 00	_ do .	do	50
Hutchinson .	38 00	97 30	... .do .		20
Lyons .	38 00	98 00	. . . .do		20
Great Bend .	38 00	98 30	_ do .	do .	20
Earned .	38 00	99 00	....do		20
Ness City .	38 00	99 30			20
Iola .	37 30	95 00			50
Fredonia .	37 30	95 30	...do .	...do .	50

OANNKTT.]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS

39

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30 , 1891 — Continued.

Locality

Kansas

Arkansas

Texas

Name of sheet.	Designation of sheet.	A rea	Scale.	Contour in¬ terval.
Lat.	Long.	covered.
Eureka .	O 1 37 30	o - 00 00	\ decree . .	1 : 125, 000 . . do .	Feet. 50
	37 30	Of) 30	do	50
	37 30	97 00	. . .do .	.. do .	50
	37 30	07 30		...do .	20
	37 30	OS 00	...do	...do .	20
Pratt .	37 30	98 30	. . . .do .	...do .	20
	37 30	9!) 00		. . .do .	20
	37 30	99 30	...do .	.. .do .	20
	37 00	95 00	...do .	. . .do .	50
	37 00	95 30	. . -do	.. .do .	50
	37 00	90 00		... do .	50
	37 00 37 00	96 30			50
Wellington .	97 00		...do .	50
Caldwell .	37 00	97 30	...do .	...do .	20
	37 00	98 00		. . .do .	20
	30 30	92 00		. . . do .	50
	35 30	92 30	...do	. . . do .	50
	35 00	92 30	_ do .	...do .	50
	35 00	93 03		...do .	50
Magazine Moun-	35 00	93 30	....do .	.. do .	50
tain.
	35 00	94 00		. . do .	50
	34 30	92 30	...do	... do .	50
Hot Springs .	34 30	93 00	...do .	.. .do .	50

	34 30	93 30		. . .do .	50
	34 30	94 00	. . . .do .	...do .	50
Aplin .	35 00 35 00	93 00 94 15	Degree .	1 : 62, 500 ...do .	20 20
	35 00	92 45		. . .do .	20
	35 00	94 00		. . .do .	20
	35 00	92 45		... do .	20
	35 00	93 15			20
Russellville .	35 15	93 00	.... do .	. . .do .	20
Clarksville .	35 15	93 15	_ _ do .	... do .	20
Coal Hill .	35 15	93 30			20
	35 15 35 15	94 15 94 00			20
Arbuckle .	_ do .	...do .	20
		93 45	_ _ do .	. . do .	20
	35 15 32 30	92 45 90 30		.. .do .	20
Dallas .	J degree ....	1 : 125, 000	20
	32 30	97 00		. .do .	20
	32 30	97 30		... do .	50
	32 30	98 00		, . . do .	50
	32 30	98 30		. . .do .	50
	32 30	99 00	_ do .	. . .do .	50
i Anson .	32 30	99 30	_ do .	...do .	50
	32 00	97 00	_ _ do .	...do .	50
Gran bury .	32 00	97 30	. . . .do .	do .	50
	32 00	98 00	_ do .	...do .	50
	32 00	98 30	. . . .do .	. . do .	50
	31 30	97 30		. . . do .	50
Hamilton .	31 30	98 00	...do .	. . .do .	50

40

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30,1891.

Locality.

Texas

Montana

Yellowstone National Park.

Idaho .

Oregon .

Colorado .

Colorado and Utah

Name of sheet.	Designation of sheet.	Area covered.	Scale.	Contourin- 1 terval.
Lat.	Long.
	o /	o -			Feet.
	31 30	98 30	J degree .	1 : 125. 000	50
	31 30	99 00	. . .do .	. do . .	50
	31 00	97 30	. . . .do .	. . do . .	50
	31 00	98 00	_ do .	do ... .	50

	31 00	98 30	_ do .		50
	31 00	99 00	_ do .	... do . .	50

Taylor .	30 30	97 00	....do .	. . .do _ _ _	50
	30 30	97 30			50

	30 30	98 00	... .do .	...do .	50
	30 30	98 30	. . . .do .	... do .	50
	30 30	99 00	... .do .		50
	30 00	97 00	.... do .	... do .	50
	30 00	97 30	... .do .	...do .	50
	30 00	98 00	.... do .		50
	30 00	98 30	.... do .	... do .	50
	30 00	99 00	... .do .	... do .	50
Port Benton .	47 00	110 00	1 degree ....	1 : 250, 000	200
Great Falls .	47 00	111 00	.... do .	. . .do .	200
Big Snowy Moun-	46 00	109 00	. . . .do .	. . .do .	200
tain.
Little Belt Moun-	46 00	110 00	.... do .		200
tain.
Fort Logan .	46 00	111 00			200
Helena .	46 00	112 00	.... do .	. . .do .	200
Livingston .	45 00	110 00	.... do .	... do .	200
Three Forks .	45 00	111 00	... .do .	... do .	200
Dillon .	45 00	112 00	... .do .	... do .	200
Canyon .	44 30	110 00	J degree ....	1 : 125, 000	100
Gallatin .	44 30	110 30	. . . .do .		100
Lake .	44 00	110 00			100
Shoshone .	44 00	110 30			100
Camas Prairie .	43 00	115 00		... do .	100
Mount Home .	43 00	115 30	... .do .	. . .do .	ICO
Klamath .	42 00	121 00	1 degree . . . .	1 : 250, 000	200
	42 00	122 00			200
East Denver .	39 30	104 30	J degree . . . .	1 : 125, 000	50
Crested Butte .	38 45	106 45	i k degree . . .	1 : 62, 500	100
Anthracite .	38 45	107 00	_ _ do .		100
Arroya .	38 30	103 00	\ degree . . . .	1 : 125, 000	100
Sanborn .	38 30	103 30			100
Big Springs .	38 30	104 00			100
Las Animas .	38 00	103 00			100
Gatlin .	38 00	103 30			100
Nepesta .	38 00	104 00			100
Pueblo .	38 00	104 30			100
Higbee .	37 30	103 00			100
Timpas .	37 30	103 30			100
Apishapa .	37 30	104 00			100
Ashley .	40 00	109 00	1 degree . . . .	1 : 250, 000	250
East Tavaputs . . . .	39 00	109 00	... .do .	.. .do .	250
La Sal .	38 00	109 00			250
Abajo .	37 00	109 00	- do .	. . do .	250

GANNETT. ]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS

41

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30, 1891.

Locality.	Name of sheet.	Designation of sheet.
Lat.	Long.
		o	S	o	/
		40	00	110	00
	Salt Lake .	40	00	111	00
	Tooele Valiev .	40	00	! 112	00
	Price River .	39	00	110	00
	Manti .	39	00	1H	00
	Sevier Desert .	39	00	112	00
	San Rafael .	38	00	i 110	00
	Pish Lake .	38	00	m	00
	Beaver .	38	00	112	00
	Henry Mountain . . .	37	00	no	00
	Escalante .	37	00	in	00
	Kanab .	37	00	112	00
	St. George .	37	00	113	00
		37	00	114	00
		41	00	117	00
	Disaster .	41	00	118	00
	Long Valley .	41	00	119	00
	Granite Range .	40	00	119	00
	Carson .	39	00	119	30
		41	00	120	00
	Modoc Lava Bed . . .	41	00	121	00
	Shasta .	41	00	122	00
	Honey Lake .	40	00	120	00
	Lassen Peak .	40	00	121	00
	Red Bluff .	40	00	122	00
	Downieville .	39	30	120	30
	Bid well Bar .	39	30	121	00
	Chico .	39	30	121	30
	Colfax .	39	00	120	30
	Nevada Citv .	39	00	121	00
	Marvsville .	39	00	121	30 !
	Placerville .	38	30	120	30
	Sacramento .	38	30	121	00
	Jackson .	38	00	120	30
		36	00	107	00
	Chaco .	36	00	108	00
	Santa Clara .	35	30	106	00
	Jemez .	35	30	106	30
	Albuquerque .	35	00	106	30
	Mount Taylor .	35	00	107	00
	Wingate .	35	00	108	00
New Mexico and Arizona	Canyon de Chelly . .	36	00	109	00
	Fort Defiance .	35	00	109	00
	St.Johns .	34	00	109	00
		36	00	110	00
	Echo Cliffs .	36	00	111	00
	Kaibab .	36	00	112	00
	Mount Trumbull . .	36	00	113	00
	Tusayan .	35	00	110	00
	San Francisco	35	00	111	00
	Mountain.
	Chino .	35	00	112	00

....do .

_ do .

....do .

_ do . .

- do .

....do .

1 degree

...do .

i degree . . .

— do .

. . .do .

1 degree

...do .

— do .

— do . .

...do . .

.. .do .

_ do .

. . .do .

...do .

. . .do .

. do .

. . do .

...do .

. . do . .

1 : 250, 000

..do . .

1 : 125, 000

..do . .

1 : 250, 000

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

..do .

Area covered.	Scale.
1 degree . . . .	1 : 250, 000
... .do .
. . . .do .
_ do .	.. .do
_ do .
_ do .	.. .do ..
_ do .
_ do .	.. .do .
_ do .
_ do .	.. .do .
.... do .	.. .do ..
1 _ _ do .	.. .do ...
. . . .do .
....do .	...do _
.... do .	...do _
.... do .
. . . .do .	. . .do _
... .do .	.. do .
I degree ....	1 : 125, 000
1 degree ....	1 : 250, 000
_ do .	... do .
_ do .	. . .do .
... .do . .	.. .do .
....do .	. . .do .
. . . .do .	... do .
\ degree ....	1 : 125,000
....do .	... do .

t- — 5 cC

.do

Feet.

250

200

50

100

200

100

50

200

250

200

250

42

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

Atlas sheets engraved to June 30, 1891 — Continued.

Locality.	Name of sheet.	Designation of sheet.	Area	Scale.	g r- Cw
Lat.	Long.	covered.	S £ o O
	Diamond Creek ....	o / 35 00	O 1 113 00		1 : 250, 000 ... do .	Feet. 250
	34 00	110 00	_ do .	200
	Verde .	34 00	111 00	.... do .	... do .	200
		34 00	112 00	_ do .	. do .	200
Arizona anil Nevada . Arizona, Nevada, and California.		36 00	114 00			250 250
	35 00	114 00	_ do ..

REPORT OF MR. A. H. THOMPSON.

U. S. Geological Survey,

Western Division of Topography,

Washington , 1). G., June 30, 1891.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the work of the Topographic Division West of the one hundredth meridian for the last year.

On account of the commencement of field work before the end of the fiscal year and the impossibility of separating the amount of work actually done before July 1, 1891, from that of the succeeding year, my report of work includes only that done between July 1, 1890, and May 1, 1891.

Work was prosecuted during this period in California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and New Mexico, and in the office at Washington, D. C., in accordance with plans submitted to and approved by you.

GENERAL ORGANIZATION.

For convenience of supervision and administrative management, five sections for the prosecution of work were organized at the beginning of the year. Upon the passage of the sundry civil bill, August 30, 1890, and in accordance with the provisions of that act requiring that one-lialf of the gross appropriations for topographic work be spent west of the one hundredth meridian, two additional sections were formed, making seven sections in all. Of these the States of California and Nevada constituted the first, Colorado the second, Idaho the the third, Kansas and Texas the fourth, Montana the fifth, North Dakota the sixth, and New Mexico the seventh. The work in South Dakota was of such a nature that no section was organized.

Mr. E. M. Douglas, topographer, was assigned to the charge of the California-Nevada section, assisted by Messrs. A. F. Dunnington,

Thompson.] tllF HEADS OF DIVISIONS. 43

R. H. McKee, R. IT. Chapman, topographers; H. E. 0. Feusier and P. V. S. Bartlett, assistant topographers, in charge of parties.

Mr. Willard I). Johnson, topographer, was assigned to the charge of the Colorado section, assisted by Messrs. C. IT. Fitch, Jno. W. Hays, R. C. McKinney, W. S. Post, and R. B. Marshall, topographers; A. C. Barclay, R. A. Farmer, S. P. Johnson, assistant topographers in charge of parties, and Messrs. S. A. Foot, Perry Fuller, L. B. Kendall, C. H. Stone, assistant topographers.

Mr. W. T. Griswold, topographer, was assigned to the charge of the Idaho section, assisted by Mr. E. T. Perkins, jr., in charge of party.

Mr. R. U. Goode, geographer, was assigned to the charge of the Kansas-Texas section, assisted by Messrs. H. L. Baldwin, II. S. Wal¬ lace, R. O. Gordon, C. F. Urquliart, W. II. Herron, topographers in charge of parties, and Messrs. Geo. H. Lamar, E. McLean Long, R. B. Cameron, and A. E. Wilson, assistant topographers.

Mr. Frank Tweedy, topographer, was assigned to the charge of the section of Montana, assisted by Mr. Jeremiah Ahern, in charge of party, and Mr. Frank E. Gove, assistant topographer.

Mr. Morris Bien, topographer, was given charge of the North Dakota section, assisted by Mr. Wm. J. Peters, topographer in charge of party, and Messrs W. B. Corse and C. T. Ried, assistant topographers.

Mr. A. P. Davis was assigned to the charge of the New Mexico sec¬ tion, assisted by Messrs. F. J. Knight, J. B. Lippincott, and C. C. Bas¬ sett, topographers in charge of parties.

Mr. S. S. Gannett, assisted by Mr. A. F. Dunnington and working in cooperation with Prof. H. S. Pritchett of Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, had charge of the field work in South Dakota.

ORGANIZATION FOR FIELD WORK.

In the California-Nevada section one triangulation and four topo¬ graphic parties were organized; in the Colorado section one level and seven topographic parties ; in the Idaho section one triangulation and two topographic parties; in the Kansas-Texas section two triangulation, one level, and three topographic parties; in the Montana section one triangulation-topographic and one topographic party; in the North Dakota section two leveling and topographic parties; and in New Mex¬ ico section one triangulation and two topographic parties.

The field work of these parties being as heretofore in a sparsely set¬ tled region, it was usually necessary to subsist them in camps. The arrangements for this purpose were nearly the same in all localities, each party employing, in addition to the regularly appointed assistants, one or two persons as traverse or rod men, one laborer, one cook, and one teamster, using as means of transportation one large four-mule team and wagon for camp equipage and supplies, and buck boards or saddle animals for persons engaged in map work.

44

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

ATLAS SHEETS.

In all sections the work proceeded by atlas-sheet areas according to the general system adopted by the U. S. Geological Survey, and was bounded as far as practicable by the half or quarter degree lines of latitude and longitude. The field work was usually done on twice the scale intended for publication, the relief being represented by contour lines having equal vertical intervals, but differing on different sheets and sometimes on the same sheet.

The following table shows the locality, the scale of field work, the contour interval, and area surveyed during the year.

Locality.	Scale field work.	Contour interval.	Square miles surveyed.	Remarks.
		Feet. 100-50 100-50-25 100-50 50 50-100 50-100 25-50-100	1, 000 8, 700 1,900 1,900 400 2, 800 2, 850	730-mile levels. Astronomical station, Rapid City.




	1 inch — 1 mile .
	1 inch — 1 mile .


		50	1,925
	Total .
	21, 475

In addition to topographic map work, the sections of California, Ne¬ vada, Colorado, Montana, and New Mexico located, surveyed, and reported for segregation from the public domain 147 reservoir sites lying within those areas.

The following table shows the States and Territories within which reservoir sites were located and surveyed, the number in each, and the date upon which their segregation was asked, and the total area which was recommended for segregation.

Locality.	Number reser¬ voirs.	Date of segregation.	Area seg¬ regated.
California .	33	Feb. 27, 1891.	A cres. 21, 192 56, 814 30, 113 2,040 55, 773
Colorado .	45
Montana .	28
N e vada _ _ _ _	2
New Mexico .	. 1 .	39	do

Total .		147		165, 932

THOMPSON.]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS.

45

FIELD WORK.

CALIFORNIA-NEVADA SECTION.

The organization and outfitting of parties for this work was completed at lone, California, and Reno, Nevada, early in July, and they were directed to proceed to the survey of areas known as the Sierra Valley and Big Tree sheets in California; the Reno, Wadsworth, Wabuskaand Wellington sheets in Nevada, all lying between longitude 119° and 120° west, and latitude 38° and 40° north.

The triangulation party was placed under charge of Mr. H. E. C. Feusier, and directed to select and locate a sufficient number of points on each atlas sheet to furnish the topographers with the data necessary for the control of their work.

Mr. A. F. Dunnington, with his party, was directed to complete the survey of the Sierra Valley sheet in California, the Wadsworth and the northern part of the Wabuska sheets in Nevada. To Mr. McKee was assigned the Big Tree sheet in California; to Mr. Chapman the comple¬ tion of the Reno and Wellington sheets in Nevada, and to Mr. Bartlett the Wabuska sheet, in the same State. Mr. Douglas was employed during the entire field season in supervision and inspection of work and in attending to administrative details relating to the disbandment of the Irrigation Survey and the prosecution of his own work.

In addition to the topographic work assigned these parties, they were also directed to survey and report upon the reservoir sites suitable for the storage of water for purposes of irrigation. Each party, with the exception of Mr. Dunuingtou’s, was engaged during the latter part of the season upon this work. Thirty-three such sites were located with reference to the U. S. Land Survey, the necessary height of dam de¬ cided upon, the area embraced by the reservoir at the given height of the dam, the approximate content in acre feet, and the amount of land described in terms of the U. S. Land Survey necessary to segregate for each reservoir site determined.

By November 15 work in this section was closed, the parties dis¬ banded, camp equipage and field material stored, and the animals placed in winter quarters. Mr. Douglas, with his assistants, was then directed to proceed to Washington, District of Columbia, for office work.

COLORADO SECTION.

The organization and outfitting of parties assigned to the work of this section was completed under the direction of Mr. W. D. Johnson, at Pueblo, Colorado, early in July. The parties were then directed to pro¬ ceed to the survey of the uncompleted portion of the drainage basin of the Arkansas River, lying east of the work of the preceding year, but within the boundaries of the State of Colorado, an area of 8,700 square

46

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

miles, and including within its limits the half-degree atlas sheets desig¬ nated as Mesa de Maya, Mount Carrizo, Vilas, Albany, Granada, Lamar, Cheyenne Wells, Kit Carson, Limon, Kiowa, and Hugo. All ol' these were full atlas sheets except the last two named.

In addition, revision work was to be done on the Springfield and Two Buttes sheets previously surveyed.

For this work seven plane-table parties and one level party were or¬ ganized under Messrs. Hays, McKinney, Post, Marshall, Barclay, Farmer, S. P. Johnson, and Holman, respectively.

To Mr. Hays was assigned the work on the Vilas sheet, to Mr. McKin¬ ney the Kit Carson and part of the Lamar sheet, to Mr. Post the Limon and such portions as were to be worked ofthe Kiowa and Hugo sheets, to Mr. Marshall the Albany sheet and the revision of portions of the Springfield and Two Buttes sheets, to Mr. Barclay the Mesa de Maya and portions of the Mount Carrizo sheets, to Mr. Farmer the Mount Carrizo and the revision of the portions of the Springfield and Two Buttes sheets not assigned, to Mr. Marshall and to Mr. S. P. Johnson the Cheyenne Wells and portions of the Lamar and Granada sheets; Mr. Holman’s work, being linear in character, necessarily extended over a portion of several atlas sheets.

As the season progressed, these parties and assignment of areas were somewhat changed to meet the varying conditions of the work, and Messrs. Fuller and Foot were given small parties and assigned to sep¬ arate areas. Mr. Fitch was detailed, before field work commenced, for special duty in California with the General Land Office, and remained on that service during the entire season. Mr. Kendall was also detached during the months of September, October, and November for service with the Idaho and Montana sections.

During the month of October and the first half of November all topo¬ graphic work was suspended and the entire force engaged in the location and survey of previously selected reservoir sites, for the storage of waters for irrigation purposes. Forty-five such sites were located and surveyed with reference to the U. S. Land Survey, the site and neces¬ sary height of dam decided upon, the area included within the reservoir at the given height of dam ascertained, the approximate content in acre-feet calculated, and the subdivisions of the U. S. Land Survey necessary to segregate for each reservoir site determined.

Mr. Johnson was engaged during the entire season in supervision and inspection of work and in attending matters of detail relating to the disbandment ofthe Irrigation Survey.

The work assigned this section was completed by the different parties between December 15, 1890, and January 15, 1891, when the parties were disbanded, the camp equipage and field material stored, and the animals placed in winter quarters. Mr. Johnson and his assistants were then directed to proceed to Washington, District of Columbia, for office work.

THOMPSON.]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS.

47

IDAHO SECTION.

The work of this section was commenced early in July under the direction of Mr. W. T. Griswold at Boise City, but no permanent parties were organized until the 1st of September, the time being employed in expanding the triangulation over the atlas sheets designed to survey and in receiving and storing the camp equipage and field material of the parties who had been engaged in the Irrigation Survey.

On September 1 one triangulation and two topographic parties were organized and outfitted under charge of Mr. Griswold, Mr. Perkins, and Field Assistant W. P. Trowbridge, respectively.

The party under Mr. Griswold extended the triangulation and con¬ trol work over two half-degree atlas sheets lying west and north of the previously surveyed areas and known as the Boise City and Bisuka sheets, an area of 1,850 square miles. To the party under charge of Mr. Perkins, temporarily under Mr. L. B. Kendall, detailed from the Col¬ orado section, during Mr. Perkins’s absence on account of sickness, was assigned the survey of the Boise City sheet, while to the party under Mr. Trowbridge was assigned the work on the Bisuka sheet.

All the parties of this section completed the work assigned them by November 15, and were then directed to proceed to Washington, Dis¬ trict of Columbia, for office work.

KANSAS— TEXAS SECTION.

This section was formed after the passage of the sundry civil bill, August 30, 1890, and in accordance with its provisions, by the transfer of parties working in Texas and Kansas to areas west of the one hun¬ dredth meridian.

In Texas one triangulation, one level, and two topographic parties, and in Kansas one triangulation and one topographic party were thus transferred and placed under charge of Mr. It. IJ. Goode, geographer, forming the Kansas-Texas section.

To the triangulation party in Kansas under charge of Mr. II. L. Bald¬ win was assigned the work of extending the belt of control triangulation westward up the valley of the Arkansas River, and to the topographic party under Mr. W. II. Herron, assisted by Mr. Geo. II. Lamar, was as¬ signed the survey of the half-degree atlas sheets known as the Dodge City and Meade sheets. In Texas to the party under Mr. Urquhart was assigned the extension of the triangulation over four half-degree atlas sheets lying immediately west of the one hundredth meridian, and between latitudes 31° and 33' north; to the level party under Mr. Wil¬ son the survey of level lines over the same area, and to the topographic parties of Mr. Gordon and Mr. Wallace, assisted by Mr. Cameron and Mr. Long, the topographic mapping of the San Angelo and Hayrick sheets respectively. Mr. Goode was engaged in supervising and in¬ specting the work of the various parties and in such administrative duties as were rendered necessary by the transfer of these parties.

48

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

The work assigned was successfully completed by November 15, the parties were disbanded, the camp equipage and field material stored, and the animals placed in winter quarters, and Mr. Goode and his as¬ sistants were instructed to proceed to Washington, District of Columbia, for office work.

MONTANA SECTION.

To this section was first assigned the topographic survey of the drain¬ age basin of Sun Eiver. For this purpose Mr. Tweedy organized one triangulation and topographic party under himself, assisted by Mr. F. E. Gove, and one topographic party under Mr. Ahern, but after some 400 square miles had been surveyed both the parties were directed to locate and survey the reservoir sites for the storage of water for irriga¬ tion purposes which had been previously designated in Montana.

Twenty-eight such sites were located and surveyed with reference to the United States Land Survey, the sight and necessary height of dam decided upon, the area within the reservoir at the given height ascertained, the approximate content in acre-feet calculated and the sub¬ divisions of the United States -Land Survey necessary to segregate for each reservoir site determined.

This work was completed by November 15, when Mr. Tweedy was directed to disband his parties, store his camp equipage and field mate¬ rial, place his animals in winter quarters, and report with his assistants in W ashingtou, District of Columbia, for office work.

NEW MEXICO SECTION.

The organization and outfitting of parties for work in this section were completed under the direction of Mr. A. P. Davis early in July. To the party under Mr. F. J. Knight was assigned the extension of the trian¬ gulation over the area included between longitudes 105° and 105° 30' west and latitudes 35° and 35° 30' north, comprising three atlas sheets, known as the Lamy, Galisteo, and Corazon sheets. To the party under Mr. Lippincott was assigned the survey of the Lamy and Corazon sheets, and to the party under Mr. Bassett the Galisteo sheet. These sheets were completed about November 1, when the parties of Mr. Lippincott and Mr. Bassett were directed to locate and survey the reservoir sites which had been previously designated for the storage of water for irri¬ gation purposes.

Thirty-nine sites were located with reference to the United States land surveys, the site and necessary height of dam decided upon, the area within the reservoir at the given height of dam ascertained, the approximate content in acre-feet calculated, and the subdivisions of the United States land survey necessary to be segregated for each reser¬ voir site determined.

This work was completed December 15, when Mr. Davis was directed to disband his parties, with the exception of a small force under Field Assistant Joseph Jacobs, store his camp equipage and field material,

THOMPSON.] THE heads of divisions. 49

place liis animals in winter quarters, and report with his assistants at Washington, District of Columbia, for office work.

The small party under Mr. Jacobs was directed to proceed to southern New Mexico and revise the work previously done on the Las Cruces and La Union sheets. Mr. Jacobs completed this revision April 15, 1891, and under direction then proceeded to El Paso, Texas, and commenced work in that vicinity, where he is at present engaged.

NORTH DAKOTA SECTION.

This section was formed after the passage of the sundry civil bill, Au¬ gust 30, 1890, by the transfer of Mr. William J. Peters, topographer, and Mr. C. T. Reid, assistant topographer, from the division of topog¬ raphy east of the one hundredth meridian, and the assignment of Mr. W. B. Corse to duty with it, and placed under charge of Mr. Morris Bien.

To this section were assigned the running of transit and level lines to ascertain the height of the lowest passes in the divide between the Mis¬ souri River and the Mouse and James Rivers and the establishment of bench-marks for use in the topographic survey of that region. To do this work Mr. Bien organized two level and transit parties at Minot, North Dakota, and taking the field August 15 prosecuted his work until compelled by weather to close, about December 1, 1890.

In all, 730 miles of level lines were run, with the result of showing that the lowest point on the divide between the rivers named was some 200 feet higher than low water in the Missouri River at the western boundary of the State of North Dakota. A large number of bench¬ marks for future topographic work were established and very interesting- features connected with the ancient lake beds of the region discovered.

SOUTH DAKOTA SECTION.

As preliminary to future topographic work in South Dakota, it was decided to determine the latitude and longitude of a station at Rapid City.

Mr. S. S. Gannett was detailed to make the necessary astronomical observations. In this work he was assisted by Mr. A. F. Dunnington, who was detached from the California-Nevada section for this purpose. For the purpose of determining longitude it was decided to exchange time signals with St. Louis, and the services of Prof. H. S. Pritchett, of the Washington University, were procured to conduct the necessary ob¬ servations and exchanges at that place. Mr. Gannett commenced work at Rapid City on October 23, and by November 20 had completed the necessary observations and exchanges with St. Louis, giving, when all reductions were made, the following:

Longitude, pier Rapid City, 103° 12' west.

• Latitude, pier Rapid City, 44° 04' 45,24//.

Upon the completion of this work Mr. Gannett and his assistant, Mr. Dunnington, returned to Washington, District of Columbia, for office work.

4

12 GrEOL

50

ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS BY

METHODS OF FIELD WORK.

The field work of all the sections was conducted on essentially the same methods, though the manner of its execution varied with local conditions. It consisted in the determination of linear distances and of altitudes and in the conventional representation of topographic forms and cultural features.

In the California-Nevada and Colorado sections the linear distances were derived from and controlled by the triangulations expanded from the stations of the transcontinental triangulation of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey in those States; in Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Texas, from stations in systems of triangulation expanded from bases measured by the U. S. Geological Survey; and in Kansas from land survey measurements controlled and corrected by the triangulation of the U. S. Geological Survey.

Plane-table traverses, using the compass for directions and some form of odometer for distances, were employed for intermediate locations in addition to triangulation and plane-table work from stations, and thus the whole area of every atlas sheet was covered by a network of care¬ fully determined linear lines.

The altitudes of points in the area surveyed were determined by hori¬ zontal or angular leveling or by the use of aneroid or mercurial barom¬ eters. In all cases a number of accurately determined bench-marks were located on each atlas sheet, and to these all subordinate points were referred. The representation of topographic features was secured by sketching from stations occupied in both plane-table and traverse work. This sketching was done in contours having a prescribed ver¬ tical interval.

OFFICE WORK.

Immediately on the disbandment of the field parties, all persons be¬ longing to the permanent force were directed to report at the office of the U. S. Geological Survey in Washington, District of Columbia, for office work. This force was organized by the same sections as the field work, giving to each person who had charge of a field section charge of the office work of that section, and assigning to each person the con¬ struction of the maps of the area of which he had done the field work, thus securing in the drawing of the maps all knowledge gained by per¬ sonal observation in the field. On May 1, 1891, the final drawings of maps of the areas surveyed by each of the sections were completed ready for the engraver.

The following table shows the locality of each full atlas sheet, the scale upon which the final drawing was made, the scale of publication, and the contour interval.

THOMPSON.]

THE HEADS OF DIVISIONS.

51

Locality.

California .... Colorado .

Name of sheet.

Idaho .

Kansas .

Nevada .

New Mexico

Texas .

Sierraville .

Mesa de Maya . . . Mount Carrizo. . .

Springfield .

Vilas .

Albany .

Two Buttes .

Lamar .

Granada .

Cheyenne Wells .

Kit Carson .

Limon .

Boise .

Bisuka .

Dodge City .

Meade .

Keno .

Wadsworth .

Wabuska .

Wellington .

Lamy .

Galisteo .

San Pedro .

Corazon .

Scale of drawing.

Hayrick

1 inch = l mile .

...do .

.. .do .

...do .

1 : 125,000 .

. . .do .

...do .

1 ineh = l mile .

...do .

1 : 125,000 .

1 inch = 1 mile .

1 : 125, 000 .

...do .

Publication

scale.

1 : 125, 000

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

..do .

. .do .

..do .

. -do .

Contour

interval.

Feet.

100

25-50-100

25-50

25

25-50

25

50-100

20

100

50-100

50

In addition to the preparation of the maps designated, plats generally on the scale of 2 inches equal 1 mile were made of all the reservoir sites surveyed. These plats showed the location selected for the dam, the boundary line of the water surface of the reservoir at the selected height of dam, its location on the subdivisions of the United States land surveys, and the areas designated by the township, range, sections, and subdivisions of sections necessary

41	30	72	45
41	30	73	00
41	30	73	15
41	15	72	45
41	15	.73	00
41	00	73	00
41	00	73	15
41	00	73	30

40	30
40	15
40	00
39	45
41	15
40	45
40	45
40	30
40	15
40	15
40	15
40	00
39	15
39	10
38	45
38	45
38	30
39	00
39	00
39	00
39	00
38	00
38	30
38	30
38'	00
38	00
38	00
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	00
37	00
39	00
38	30
38	30
38	30
38	00
38	00
37	30
37	00
37	00
37	00

41	30	72	45
41	30	73	00
41	30	73	15
41	15	72	45
41	15	.73	00
41	00	73	00
41	00	73	15
41	00	73	30

40	30
40	15
40	00
39	45
41	15
40	45
40	45
40	30
40	15
40	15
40	15
40	00
39	15
39	10
38	45
38	45
38	30
39	00
39	00
39	00
39	00
38	00
38	30
38	30
38'	00
38	00
38	00
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	00
37	00
39	00
38	30
38	30
38	30
38	00
38	00
37	30
37	00
37	00
37	00

41	30	72	45
41	30	73	00
41	30	73	15
41	15	72	45
41	15	.73	00
41	00	73	00
41	00	73	15
41	00	73	30

40	30
40	15
40	00
39	45
41	15
40	45
40	45
40	30
40	15
40	15
40	15
40	00
39	15
39	10
38	45
38	45
38	30
39	00
39	00
39	00
39	00
38	00
38	30
38	30
38'	00
38	00
38	00
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	30
37	00
37	00
39	00
38	30
38	30
38	30
38	00
38	00
37	30
37	00
37	00
37	00